ହାଫ୍‌ନିଅମ

ହାଫ୍‌ନିଅମ ହେଉଛି ଏକ ରାସାୟନିକ ମୌଳିକ ଯାହାର ପ୍ରତୀକ Hf ଓ ପରମାଣୁ କ୍ରମାଙ୍କ ୭୨ ।

Hafnium,  ₇₂Hf

ସାଧାରଣ ଗୁଣ
ନାମ, ପ୍ରତୀକ	hafnium, Hf
Appearance	steel gray
ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣ	/ˈhæfniəm/ HAF-nee-əm
Hafnium in the periodic table
Zr ↑ Hf ↓ Rf lutetium ← hafnium → tantalum
ପରମାଣୁ କ୍ରମାଙ୍କ (Z)	72
ଶ୍ରେଣୀ, ବ୍ଳକ	group 4, d-block
ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟ	period 6
ମୌଳିକ ପ୍ରକାର	transition metal
ମାନକ ପରମାଣବିକ ଓଜନ (Ar)	178.49
ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରୋନ୍ ବିନ୍ୟାସ	[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
per shell	2, 8, 18, 32, 10, 2
ଭୌତିକ ଗୁଣ
ଅବସ୍ଥା	solid
ଗଳନାଙ୍କ	2506 K ​(2233 °C, ​4051 °F)
ସ୍ଫୁଟନାଙ୍କ	4876 K ​(4603 °C, ​8317 °F)
Density near r.t.	13.31 g/cm3
when liquid, at m.p.	12 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	27.2 kJ/mol
Heat of	571 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	25.73 J/(mol·K)
pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 2689 2954 3277 3679 4194 4876
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	4, 3, 2 (amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.3
Atomic radius	empirical: 159 pm
Covalent radius	175±10 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	​hexagonal close-packed (hcp)
Speed of sound thin rod	3010 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	5.9 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	23.0 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	331 n Ω·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic
Young's modulus	78 GPa
Shear modulus	30 GPa
Bulk modulus	110 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.37
Mohs hardness	5.5
Vickers hardness	1760 MPa
Brinell hardness	1700 MPa
CAS Number	7440-58-6
ଇତିହାସ
Prediction	Dmitri Mendeleev (1869)
ଆବିଷ୍କାର	Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy (1922)
First isolation	Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy (1922)
Most stable isotopes of hafnium
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 172Hf syn 1.87 y ε 0.350 172Lu 174Hf 0.162% 2×1015 y α 2.495 170Yb 176Hf 5.206% 176Hf is stable with 104 neutrons 177Hf 18.606% 177Hf is stable with 105 neutrons 178Hf 27.297% 178Hf is stable with 106 neutrons 178m3Hf syn 31 y IT 2.446 178Hf 179Hf 13.629% 179Hf is stable with 107 neutrons 180Hf 35.1% 180Hf is stable with 108 neutrons 182Hf trace 8.9×106 y β− 0.373 182Ta

ଧର୍ମ

ବାହାର ଲିଙ୍କ

• Hafnium at Los Alamos National Laboratory's periodic table of the elements
• Hafnium at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham)
• Hafnium Technical & Safety Data
• NLM Hazardous Substances Databank – Hafnium, elemental
• Intel Shifts from Silicon to Lift Chip Performance
• Hafnium-based Intel 45nm Process Technology