କାଲିଫର୍ମିଅମ

କାଲିଫର୍ମିଅମ ହେଉଛି ଏକ ତେଜସ୍କ୍ରିୟ ରାସାୟନିକ ମୌଳିକ ଯାହାର ପ୍ରତୀକ Cf ଓ ପରମାଣୁ କ୍ରମାଙ୍କ ୯୮ ।

Californium,  ₉₈Cf

ସାଧାରଣ ଗୁଣ
ନାମ, ପ୍ରତୀକ	californium, Cf
Appearance	silvery
ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣ	/ˌkælˈfɔːrniəm/ KAL-i-FOR-nee-əm
Californium in the periodic table
Dy ↑ Cf ↓ (Upn) berkelium ← californium → einsteinium
ପରମାଣୁ କ୍ରମାଙ୍କ (Z)	98
ଶ୍ରେଣୀ, ବ୍ଳକ	group n/a, f-block
ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟ	period 7
ମୌଳିକ ପ୍ରକାର	actinide
ମାନକ ପରମାଣବିକ ଓଜନ (Ar)	(251)
ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରୋନ୍ ବିନ୍ୟାସ	[Rn] 5f10 7s2
per shell	2, 8, 18, 32, 28, 8, 2
ଭୌତିକ ଗୁଣ
ଅବସ୍ଥା	solid
ଗଳନାଙ୍କ	1173 K ​(900  °C, ​1652 °F)
ସ୍ଫୁଟନାଙ୍କ	1743 K ​(1470 °C, ​2678 (estimation) °F)
Density near r.t.	15.1 g/cm3
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	2, 3, 4
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.3
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	​simple hexagonal
Mohs hardness	3–4
CAS Number	7440-71-3
ଇତିହାସ
ଆବିଷ୍କାର	Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (1950)
Most stable isotopes of californium
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 248Cf syn 333.5 d α (100%) 6.369 244Cm SF (2.9×10−3%) 0.0029 – 249Cf trace 351 y α (100%) 6.295 245Cm SF (5.0×10−7%) 4.4×10−7 – 250Cf trace 13.08 y α (99.92%) 6.129 246Cm SF (0.08%) 0.077 – 251Cf trace 898 y α 6.172 247Cm 252Cf trace 2.645 y α (96.91%) 6.217 248Cm SF (3.09%) – – 253Cf trace 17.81 d β− (99.69%) 0.29 253Es α (0.31%) 6.126 249Cm 254Cf syn 60.5 d SF (99.69%) – – α (0.31%) 5.930 250Cm
Isotope references:

ଧର୍ମ

ସହାୟକ ଗ୍ରନ୍ଥ

• Cotton, F. Albert; Wilkinson, Geoffrey; Murillo, Carlos A.; Bochmann, Manfred (1999). Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-19957-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• CRC contributors (1991). Walker, Perrin; Tarn, William H. (eds.). Handbook of Metal Etchants. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-3623-2. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
• CRC contributors (2006). Lide, David R. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 978-0-8493-0487-3. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
• Cunningham, B. B. (1968). "Californium". In Hampel, Clifford A. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements. Reinhold Book Corporation. LCCN 68-29938. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Emsley, John (1998). The Elements. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-855818-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Emsley, John (2001). "Californium". Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850340-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-3365-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Haire, Richard G. (2006). "Californium". In Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Heiserman, David L. (1992). "Element 98: Californium". Exploring Chemical Elements and their Compounds. TAB Books. ISBN 978-0-8306-3018-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Jakubke, Hans-Dieter; Jeschkeit, Hans, eds. (1994). Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry. trans. rev. Eagleson, Mary. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-011451-5.
• Krebs, Robert (2006). The History and Use of our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-33438-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Radiation Source Use and Replacement (2008). Radiation Source Use and Replacement: Abbreviated Version. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-11014-3.
• O'Neil, Marydale J.; Heckelman, Patricia E.; Roman, Cherie B., eds. (2006). The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals (14th ed.). Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. ISBN 978-0-911910-00-1.
• Osborne-Lee, I. W.; Alexander, C. W. (1995). "Californium-252: A Remarkable Versatile Radioisotope". Oak Ridge Technical Report ORNL/TM-12706. doi:10.2172/205871.
• Ruiz-Lapuente, P.; Canal, R.; Isern, J. (1996). Thermonuclear Supernovae. Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-0-7923-4359-2.
• Seaborg, Glenn T.; Loveland, Walter D. (1990). The Elements Beyond Uranium. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-89062-1.
• Seaborg, G. T. (1994). Modern alchemy: selected papers of Glenn T. Seaborg. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-02-1440-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Seaborg, G. T. (1996). Adloff, J. P. (ed.). One Hundred Years after the Discovery of Radioactivity. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. ISBN 978-3-486-64252-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Seaborg, Glenn T. (2004). "Californium". In Geller, Elizabeth (ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of Chemistry. McGraw-Hill. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-07-143953-4. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Szwacki, Nevill Gonzalez; Szwacka, Teresa (2010). Basic Elements of Crystallography. Pan Stanford. ISBN 978-981-4241-59-5.
• Weeks, Mary Elvira (1968). "21: Modern Alchemy". Discovery of the Elements. Journal of Chemical Education. pp. 848–850. ISBN 978-0-7661-3872-8. LCCN 68-15217. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

ବାହାର ଲିଙ୍କ

• Californium at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham)
• NuclearWeaponArchive.org – Californium
• Hazardous Substances Databank – Californium, Radioactive