ଥୋରିଅମ

ଥୋରିଅମ, ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ଭାବେ ମିଳୁଥିବା ଏକ ତେଜସ୍କ୍ରିୟ ରାସାୟନିକ ମୌଳିକ ଯାହାର ପ୍ରତୀକ Th ଓ ପରମାଣୁ କ୍ରମାଙ୍କ ୯୦ ।

Thorium,  ₉₀Th

ସାଧାରଣ ଗୁଣ
ନାମ, ପ୍ରତୀକ	thorium, Th
Appearance	silvery, often with black tarnish
ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣ	/ˈθɔːriəm/ THOHR-ee-əm
Thorium in the periodic table
Ce ↑ Th ↓ (Uqb) actinium ← thorium → protactinium
ପରମାଣୁ କ୍ରମାଙ୍କ (Z)	90
ଶ୍ରେଣୀ, ବ୍ଳକ	group n/a, f-block
ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟ	period 7
ମୌଳିକ ପ୍ରକାର	actinide
ମାନକ ପରମାଣବିକ ଓଜନ (Ar)	232.03806
ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରୋନ୍ ବିନ୍ୟାସ	[Rn] 6d2 7s2
per shell	2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2
ଭୌତିକ ଗୁଣ
ଅବସ୍ଥା	solid
ଗଳନାଙ୍କ	2115 K ​(1842 °C, ​3348 °F)
ସ୍ଫୁଟନାଙ୍କ	5061 K ​(4788 °C, ​8650 °F)
Density near r.t.	11.7 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	13.81 kJ/mol
Heat of	514 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	26.230 J/(mol·K)
pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 2633 2907 3248 3683 4259 5055
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	4, 3, 2, 1 (weakly basic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.3
Atomic radius	empirical: 179 pm
Covalent radius	206±6 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	​face-centered cubic (fcc)
Speed of sound thin rod	2490 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	11.0 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	54.0 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	147 n Ω·m (at 0 °C)
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic
Young's modulus	79 GPa
Shear modulus	31 GPa
Bulk modulus	54 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.27
Mohs hardness	3.0
Vickers hardness	350 MPa
Brinell hardness	400 MPa
CAS Number	7440-29-1
ଇତିହାସ
ଆବିଷ୍କାର	Jöns Jakob Berzelius (1829)
Most stable isotopes of thorium
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 228Th trace 1.9116 y α 5.520 224Ra 229Th trace 7340 y α 5.168 225Ra 230Th trace 75380 y α 4.770 226Ra 231Th trace 25.5 h β− 0.39 231Pa 232Th 100% 1.405×1010 y α 4.083 228Ra 234Th trace 24.1 d β− 0.27 234Pa

Not to be confused with Thallium or Thulium.

ଧର୍ମ

ସହାୟକ ଗ୍ରନ୍ଥ

• Wickleder, Mathias S.; Fourest, Blandine; Dorhourt, Peter K. (2006). "Thorium". In Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 1-4020-3555-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Martin, Richard (2012). Super Fuel: Thorium, the Green Energy Source for the Future (1st ed.). Palgrave MacMillan. p. 240. ISBN 978-0-230-11647-4 (hardback). {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
• Hargraves, Robert (July 25, 2012). Thorium: Energy Cheaper than Coal. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 482. ISBN 978-1478161295.

ବାହାର ଲିଙ୍କ

• International Thorium Energy Organisation – IThEO.org Archived 2016-03-06 at the Wayback Machine.
• European Nuclear Society – Natural Decay Chains Archived 2019-06-04 at the Wayback Machine.
• ATSDR CDC ToxFAQs: health questions about thorium Archived 2014-09-05 at the Wayback Machine.
• FactSheet on Thorium Archived 2013-02-16 at the Wayback Machine., World Nuclear Association
• Thorium TV – A review of the element Archived 2013-11-16 at the Wayback Machine.
• EnergyFromThorium.com – Content-rich site on Thorium as a future energy source, and its extraction technology
• TED talk by former NASA engineer Kirk Sorensen about Thorium energy production (video) Archived 2014-02-13 at the Wayback Machine.
• India's experimental Thorium Fuel Cycle Nuclear Reactor (NDTV Report)
• Thorium Remix 2011 – 120 minute Creative Commons Share-Alike documentary on Thorium as an energy source
• Newspaper article about thorium power in India
• China Blazes Trail for Clean Nuclear Power from Thorium
• Thorium at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham)