ବିଜ୍ଞାନ

ବିଜ୍ଞାନ (ବିଶେଷ ଜ୍ଞାନ) (ବା Science Latin: scientiaରୁ ଆସିଅଛି ଯାହାର ଅର୍ଥ "ଜ୍ଞାନ"^[୧]) ବିଶ୍ୱର ଏକ ଜ୍ଞାନକୁ ଏକ ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ ପରଖାଯାଇ ପାରୁଥିବା ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତ ଓ ଅନୁମାନ ସହ ପ୍ରମାଣ କରାଯାଇପାରୁଥିବା ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ।^[୨]^[୩]ପୂର୍ବେ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ଅଧିକ ଦର୍ଶନ ପର୍ଯବେଶିତ ଥିଲା ।

ଉପକ୍ରମ

ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ହେଉଛି ଏକ ସୁବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥିତ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ ଯାହାଦ୍ୱାରା ବିଶ୍ୱର ସମସ୍ତ ପଦାର୍ଥ ଓ ବସ୍ତୁମାନଙ୍କ ବିଷୟରେ ଆଲୋଚନା, ପରୀକ୍ଷା, ଗବେଷଣା, ଅନୁମାନ ଏବଂ ପଠନ କରାଯାଇଥାଏ । ଆଧୁନିକ ଯୁଗରେ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ କହିଲେ ସାଧାରଣତଃ କିଛି ଶିଖିବା ଶୈଳୀକୁ ବୁଝାଇଥାଏ

ପ୍ରକାର

ବ୍ରହ୍ମାଣ୍ଡର ଆକାର ଆଧାରିତ ବିଜ୍ଞାନର ବିଭେଦାୟନ।^[୪]

ଆଧୁନିକ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ସାଧାରଣତ ତିନୋଟି ପ୍ରମୁଖ ଶାଖାରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ: ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ, ସାମାଜିକ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ଏବଂ ଆନୁଷ୍ଠାନିକ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ | ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟବେକ୍ଷଣ ଏବଂ ପରୀକ୍ଷଣରୁ ଉଧୃତ ପ୍ରମାଣ ଉପରେ ଆଧାର କରି ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ଘଟଣାଗୁଡ଼ିକର ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା, ପୂର୍ବାନୁମାନ ଏବଂ ବ୍ୟାଖ୍ୟା ସହିତ ଜଡ଼ିତ |

ସାମାଜିକ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ସମାଜ ଏବଂ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିବିଶେଷ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ସମ୍ପର୍କ ସହିତ ଜଡ଼ିତ | ଆନୁଷ୍ଠାନିକ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ଅଧ୍ୟୟନରେ ଆନୁଷ୍ଠାନିକ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ଜଡ଼ିତ |

ପଦାର୍ଥ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ

ପଦାର୍ଥ ବିଜ୍ଞାନକୁ ବସ୍ତୁ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ମଧ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ। ପଦାର୍ଥମାନଙ୍କର ଗତି, ଶକ୍ତି, ବଳ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧରେ ବିଜ୍ଞାନର ଏହି ବିଷୟ ବିସ୍ତୃତି ପ୍ରଦାନ କରିଥାଏ।

ରସାୟନ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ

ଯଦିଓ ଉଭୟ ପଦାର୍ଥ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ଓ ରସାୟନ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ପଦାର୍ଥମାନଙ୍କ ବିଷୟରେ ଆମକୁ ଜ୍ଞାନ ଦେଇଥାନ୍ତି, ରସାୟନ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ପଦାର୍ଥମାନଙ୍କର ଗଠନ, ଗୁଣ, ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ, ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟାଶୀଳତା ଉପରେ ଆଧାରିତ।

ଉଦ୍ଭିଦବିଜ୍ଞାନ

ଜୀବମାନଙ୍କୁ ସାଧାରଣତଃ ଉଦ୍ଭିଦ ଓ ପ୍ରାଣୀ ଏହି ଦୁଇ ଭାଗରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ କରାଯାଏ। ଉଦ୍ଭିଦ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ହେଉଛି ଜୀବ ବିଜ୍ଞାନର ସେହି ଅଂଶ ଯାହା ଉଦ୍ଭିଦମାନଙ୍କ ବିଷୟରେ ବିଶଦ ଜ୍ଞାନ ପ୍ରଦାନ କରିଥାଏ।

ପ୍ରାଣୀ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ

ଜୀବ ବିଜ୍ଞାନର ଅନ୍ୟ ଅର୍ଦ୍ଧେକ ଅଂଶ ହେଉଛି ପ୍ରାଣୀମାନଙ୍କ ଉପରେ ଆଧାରିତ ପ୍ରାଣୀ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ।

ଗଣିତ

ଗଣିତର ଏକ ସର୍ବାନୁସମ୍ମତ ସଂଜ୍ଞା ନାହି । ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଗଣିତ, ବୀଜ ଗଣିତ, ଜ୍ୟାମିତି, ପରିସଂଖ୍ୟାନ ଏବଂ ଗାଣିତିକ ବିଶ୍ଳେଷଣ ପରି ବିଷୟଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଅଧ୍ୟୟନକୁ ଗଣିତରେ ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ କରାଯାଏ |

ମନୋବିଜ୍ଞାନ

ମନୋବିଜ୍ଞାନକୁ ମନସ୍ତତ୍ତ୍ୱ ମଧ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ। ଆଗରୁ ଏହା ଦର୍ଶନର ଅଂଶ ଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ପରେ ଏହାକୁ ବିଜ୍ଞାନର ସଂଜ୍ଞା ଦିଆଗଲା।

ସାମାଜିକବିଜ୍ଞାନ

ସମାଜବିଜ୍ଞାନ ହେଉଛି ମାନବ ଆଚରଣର ଅଧ୍ୟୟନ | ସମାଜବିଜ୍ଞାନ ସାମାଜିକ ଆଚରଣ, ସମାଜ, ସାମାଜିକ ସମ୍ପର୍କର ଢାଞ୍ଚା, ସାମାଜିକ ପାରସ୍ପରିକ କ୍ରିୟା, ଏବଂ ଦୈନନ୍ଦିନ ଜୀବନକୁ ଘେରି ରହିଥିବା ସଂସ୍କୃତିକୁ ବିଶ୍ଳେଷଣ କରେ |

ପ୍ରାକୃତିକବିଜ୍ଞାନ

ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ

ବିଜ୍ଞାନର ଅଧ୍ୟୟନ ଓ ଅଭିବୃଧି ମୁଖ୍ୟତଃ କେତୋଟି ପ୍ରାଥମିକ ସୋପାନକୁ ଅନୁସରଣ କରିଥାଏ । ସେଗୁଡିକ ହେଲା :-

ତଥ୍ୟସଂଗ୍ରହ

ଏହା ପ୍ରାଥମିକ ସୋପାନ ।ଏହି ସୋପାନରେ ଆଗରୁ ଥିବା ତଥ୍ୟଗୁଡିକୁ ସଂଗ୍ରହ କରାଯାଇଥାଏ ।

ତର୍ଜମା

ସଂଗୃହିତ ତଥ୍ୟଗୁଡିକୁ ତର୍ଜମା କରାଯାଏ ।

ଅନୁମାନ

କୌଣସି ଏକ ଦିଗରେ ଥିବା ତର୍ଜମାକୁ ବିଚାରକୁ ନିଆଯାଇ ଏକ ଅନୁମାନ ଲଗାଯାଇଥାଏ ।

ପରୀକ୍ଷା

ଏହାପରେ ସେହି ଅନୁମାନ ପାଇଁ ପରୀକ୍ଷା କରାଯାଏ ।

ଉପସଂହାର

ସମସ୍ତ ଯୁକ୍ତିଯୁକ୍ତକୁ ନେଇ ଶେଷରେ ଏକ ଉପସଂହାର ବାହାର କରାଯାଇଥାଏ ଯେଉଥିରେ ଏକ ନୂଆ ଉଦ୍ଭାବନ ବା ଆବିଷ୍କାର ଥାଏ^[୫]^[୬]^[୭]^[୮]

ଟୀକା

↑ "science". Online Etymology Dictionary.
↑ Wilson, Edward O. (1998). Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge (1st ed.). New York, NY: Vintage Books. pp. 49–71. ISBN 0-679-45077-7.
↑
"... modern science is a discovery as well as an invention. It was a discovery that nature generally acts regularly enough to be described by laws and even by mathematics; and required invention to devise the techniques, abstractions, apparatus, and organization for exhibiting the regularities and securing their law-like descriptions." —p.vii, J. L. Heilbron,(2003, editor-in-chief). The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511229-6.
- "science". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, Inc. Retrieved 2011-10-16. 3 a: knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general truths or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific method b: such knowledge or such a system of knowledge concerned with the physical world and its phenomena
↑ Feynman, Lectures in Physics, Vol.1, Chap.1.
↑ "Online dictionary". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2009-05-22. knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general truths or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific method . . . such knowledge or such a system of knowledge concerned with the physical world and its phenomena
↑ Popper, Karl (2002) [1959]. The Logic of Scientific Discovery (2nd English ed.). New York, NY: Routledge Classics. p. 3. ISBN 0-415-27844-9. OCLC 59377149.
↑ Wilson, Edward (1999). Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge. New York: Vintage. ISBN 0-679-76867-X.
↑ Ludwik Fleck (1935), Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact reminds us that before a specific fact 'existed', it had to be created as part of a social agreement within a community.

ଆଧାର

Feyerabend, Paul (2005). Science, history of the philosophy, as cited in Honderich, Ted (2005). The Oxford companion to philosophy. Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199264791. OCLC 173262485. of. Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford.
Feynman, R.P. (1999). The Pleasure of Finding Things Out: The Best Short Works of Richard P. Feynman. Perseus Books Group. ISBN 0465023959. OCLC 181597764.
Papineau, David. (2005). Science, problems of the philosophy of., as cited in Honderich, Ted (2005). The Oxford companion to philosophy. Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199264791. OCLC 173262485.
Parkin, D (1991). "Simultaneity and Sequencing in the Oracular Speech of Kenyan Diviners". In Philip M. Peek (ed.). African Divination Systems: Ways of Knowing. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link).
Stanovich, Keith E (2007). "How to Think Straight About Psychology". Boston: Pearson Education {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)

ଆଗକୁ ପଢ଼ିବେ

Augros, Robert M., Stanciu, George N., "The New Story of Science: mind and the universe", Lake Bluff, Ill.: Regnery Gateway, c1984. ISBN 0-89526-833-7
Baxter, Charles "Myth versus science in educational systems"PDF (66.4 KB)
Becker, Ernest (1968). The structure of evil; an essay on the unification of the science of man. New York: G. Braziller.
Cole, K. C., Things your teacher never told you about science: Nine shocking revelations Newsday, Long Island, New York, March 23, 1986, pg 21+
Feynman, Richard "Cargo Cult Science"
Gopnik, Alison, "Finding Our Inner Scientist" Archived 2016-04-12 at the Wayback Machine., Daedalus, Winter 2004.
Krige, John, and Dominique Pestre, eds., Science in the Twentieth Century, Routledge 2003, ISBN 0-415-28606-9
Kuhn, Thomas, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 1962.
McComas, William F. "The principal elements of the nature of science: Dispelling the myths"PDF (189 KB) Rossier School of Education, University of Southern California. Direct Instruction News. Spring 2002 24–30.
Obler, Paul C.; Estrin, Herman A. (1962). The New Scientist: Essays on the Methods and Values of Modern Science. Anchor Books, Doubleday.
Thurs, Daniel Patrick (2007). Science Talk: Changing Notions of Science in American Popular Culture. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. pp. 22–52. ISBN 978-0-8135-4073-3.
Levin, Yuval (2008). Imagining the Future: Science and American Democracy. New York, Encounter Books. ISBN 1-59403-209-2
Stephen Gaukroger. The Emergence of a Scientific Culture: Science and the Shaping of Modernity 1210–1685. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 2006, 576 pp.

ବାହାର ଲିଙ୍କ

ଲୁଆ ତ୍ରୁଟି: bad argument #2 to 'title.new' (unrecognized namespace name 'Portal') ।

ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ବାବଦରେ ଉଇକିମିଡ଼ିଆର ସହଯୋଗୀ ପ୍ରକଳ୍ପଗୁଡ଼ିକରୁ ଅଧିକ ଜାଣନ୍ତୁ:
	ଉଇକିଅଭିଧାନରେ ଶବ୍ଦାର୍ଥମାନ ଖୋଜନ୍ତୁ
	କମନ୍ସରେ ଛବି ଓ ମିଡ଼ିଆସବୁ ଖୋଜନ୍ତୁ
	ଉଇକିମହାବିହାରରେ ଶିକ୍ଷଣ ଆଧାରମାନ ଖୋଜନ୍ତୁ
	ଉଇକିସମ୍ବାଦରେ ସମ୍ବାଦ ଲେଖାମାନ ଖୋଜନ୍ତୁ
	ଉଇକିକଥାରୁ ଢଗଢମାଳି ଓ କଥାମାନ
	ଉଇକିଉତ୍ସରୁ ମୂଳାଧାର ଲେଖାମାନ
	ଉଇକିପୋଥିରେ ପଢ଼ାବହିମାନ

ପ୍ରକାଶନ

"GCSE Science textbook". Wikibooks.org

ଖବର

Nature News. Science news by the journal Nature
New Scientist. An weekly magazine published by Reed Business Information
ScienceDaily
Science Newsline
Sciencia
Discover Magazine
Irish Science News from Discover Science & Engineering
Science Stage Scientific Videoportal and Community

ସ୍ରୋତ

Euroscience Archived 2010-04-12 at the Wayback Machine.:
- Euroscience Open Forum Archived 2010-06-10 at the Wayback Machine. (ESOF)
Science Council Archived 2010-03-24 at the Wayback Machine.
Science Development in the Latin American docta
Classification of the Sciences in Dictionary of the History of Ideas. (Dictionary's new electronic format is badly botched, entries after "Design" are inaccessible. Internet Archive old version).
"Nature of Science" University of California Museum of Paleontology
United States Science Initiative. Selected science information provided by U.S. Government agencies, including research and development results.

[OnlineEtDict-1] "science". Online Etymology Dictionary.

[wilson-2] Wilson, Edward O. (1998). Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge (1st ed.). New York, NY: Vintage Books. pp. 49–71. ISBN 0-679-45077-7.

[3] "... modern science is a discovery as well as an invention. It was a discovery that nature generally acts regularly enough to be described by laws and even by mathematics; and required invention to devise the techniques, abstractions, apparatus, and organization for exhibiting the regularities and securing their law-like descriptions." —p.vii, J. L. Heilbron,(2003, editor-in-chief). The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511229-6.
"science". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, Inc. Retrieved 2011-10-16. 3 a: knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general truths or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific method b: such knowledge or such a system of knowledge concerned with the physical world and its phenomena

[4] "science". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, Inc. Retrieved 2011-10-16. 3 a: knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general truths or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific method b: such knowledge or such a system of knowledge concerned with the physical world and its phenomena

[4] Feynman, Lectures in Physics, Vol.1, Chap.1.

[5] "Online dictionary". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2009-05-22. knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general truths or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific method . . . such knowledge or such a system of knowledge concerned with the physical world and its phenomena

[Popper-6] Popper, Karl (2002) [1959]. The Logic of Scientific Discovery (2nd English ed.). New York, NY: Routledge Classics. p. 3. ISBN 0-415-27844-9. OCLC 59377149.

[7] Wilson, Edward (1999). Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge. New York: Vintage. ISBN 0-679-76867-X.

[8] Ludwik Fleck (1935), Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact reminds us that before a specific fact 'existed', it had to be created as part of a social agreement within a community.

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