ଟ୍ରାମାଡଲ

ଟ୍ରାମାଡଲ
Clinical data
Pronunciation	tra' ma dole
Trade names	Ultram, Zytram, others
AHFS/Drugs.com	monograph
MedlinePlus	a695011
data	US FDA: Tramadol;
Pregnancy; category	AU: C ; US: C (Risk not ruled out) ; ;
Dependence; liability	Present
Routes of; administration	By mouth, IV, IM, rectal
Drug class	Opiate analgesic
ATC code	N02AX02 (WHO) ;
Legal status
Legal status	AU: S4 (Prescription only) ; CA: ℞-only ; NZ: Prescription Medicine ; UK: Class C – Schedule 3 CD ; US: Schedule IV ; ℞ (Prescription only);
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	70% to 75% (by mouth), 77% (rectal), 100% (IM)
Protein binding	20%
Metabolism	Liver-mediated demethylation and glucuronidation via CYP2D6 & CYP3A4
Metabolites	O-desmethyltramadol, N-desmethryltramadol
Onset of action	Less than 1 hour (by mouth)
Elimination half-life	6.3 ± 1.4 h
Duration of action	6 hours
Excretion	Urine (95%)
Identifiers
	IUPAC name 2-[(Dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol;
CAS Number	27203-92-5 ;
PubChem CID	33741;
DrugBank	DB00193 ;
ChemSpider	31105 ;
UNII	39J1LGJ30J;
KEGG	D08623 ;
ChEBI	CHEBI:9648 ;
ChEMBL	CHEMBL1066 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.043.912
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C16H25NO2
Molar mass	263.381 g/mol
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
Melting point	180 to 181 °C (356 to 358 °F)
	SMILES CN(C)C[C@H]1CCCC[C@@]1(C2=CC(=CC=C2)OC)O;
	InChI InChI=1S/C16H25NO2/c1-17(2)12-14-7-4-5-10-16(14,18)13-8-6-9-15(11-13)19-3/h6,8-9,11,14,18H,4-5,7,10,12H2,1-3H3/t14-,16+/m1/s1 ; Key:TVYLLZQTGLZFBW-ZBFHGGJFSA-N ;
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ଟ୍ରାମାଡଲ (ଇଂରାଜୀ ଭାଷାରେ Tramadol, ଏକ ବିକ୍ରୟ ନାମ ଅଲ୍ଟ୍ରାମ/ Ultram,^[୨]) ଏକ ଓପିଅଏଡ (opioid) ଯନ୍ତ୍ରଣା ନିବାରକ ଔଷଧ (pain medication) ଯାହା ମଧ୍ୟମରୁ ସାଂଘାତିକ ଯନ୍ତ୍ରଣାର (pain) ଚିକିତ୍ସା ନିମନ୍ତେ ବ୍ୟବ‌ହାର କରାଯାଏ ।^[୧] ପାଟିରେ ଦେଲେ ଏହି ଔଷଧ ଏକ ଘଣ୍ଟା ମଧ୍ୟରେ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ଷମ ହୋଇଯାଏ ।^[୧] ଏହା ଇଞ୍ଜେକସନ ଆକାରରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ମିଳେ ।^[୮] ଏହା ପାରାସେଟାମୋଲ ଓ ଅନ୍ୟାନ୍ୟ ଦୀର୍ଘକାଳୀନ କାମ କରୁଥିବା ଫର୍ମୁଲା ସ‌ହିତ ଦିଆଯାଇପାରେ ।^[୧]^[୮]

ଟ୍ରାମାଡଲର ପାର୍ଶ୍ୱ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟାରେ କୋଷ୍ଠକାଠିନ୍ୟ, ଗଲୁ (itchiness) ଓ ଅଇ ହୋଇପାରେ ।^[୧] ସାଂଘାତିକ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା ହେଲେ ବାତ (seizure), ଅଧିକ ସେରୋଟୋନିନ ସିଣ୍ଡ୍ରୋମ ସଙ୍କଟ, ଔଷଧ ନିଶା ଓ ଊଣା ସତର୍କ ସମସ୍ୟା ହୁଏ । ^[୧] ବୃକ୍‌କ ଓ ଯକୃତ ସମସ୍ୟା ଥିଲେ ଔଷଧ ମାତ୍ରା ବଦଳେଇବାକୁ ହୁଏ ।^[୧] ଗର୍ଭାବସ୍ଥା, ଆତ୍ମହତ୍ୟା ପ୍ରବଣ ଥିଲେ ଏହି ଔଷଧ ଦେବାକୁ ସୁପାରିସ କରାଯାଏ ନାହିଁ ।^[୧]^[୮] ସ୍ତନ୍ୟପାନ (breastfeeding) କରାଉଥିବା ମହିଳା ଏହା ନେବା ଅନୁଚିତ ହେଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଗୋଟିଏ ଡୋଜ ନେଉଥିଲେ ବନ୍ଦ କରିବା ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ନୁହେଁ ।^[୯]

ଟ୍ରାମାଡଲ ସଂୟ ଏକ ସେରୋଟୋନିନ-ନରଏପିନେଫ୍ରନ ରିଅପଟେକ ଇନହିବିଟର (serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor) ଏବଂ ଏହା ସ୍ନାୟୁର (neuron) μ-ଓପିଅଏଡ ରିସେପ୍ଟର (μ-opioid receptor) ସ‌ହିତ ଅନୁବନ୍ଧିତ ହୋଇ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ଷମ ହୁଏ ।^[୧]^[୧୦] ଯକୃତରେ ଏହା ୦-ଡେସମିଥାଇଲଟ୍ରାମାଡଲରେ (O-desmethyltramadol) ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ହୋଇଯାଏ ଯାହା μ-ଓପିଅଏଡ ରିସେପ୍ଟର ସ‌ହିତ ଦୃଢ଼ ବନ୍ଧନରେ ଆବଦ୍ଧ ହୁଏ । ^[୧]^[୧୧]

ସନ ୧୯୭୭ରେ ଏହି ଔଷଧ ପ୍ରଥମେ ଟ୍ରାମାଲ ନାମରେ ଅଭିହିତ ହୋଇ ଏକ ଔଷଧ କମ୍ପାନୀଦ୍ୱାରା (pharmaceutical company) (Grünenthal GmbH) ଲୋକାର୍ପଣ ହୋଇଥିଲା । ^[୧୦] ୧୯୯୦ ଦଶକରେ ଏହା ଉଭୟ ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଓ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକାରେ ଡାକ୍ତରୀ ବ୍ୟବ‌ହାର ନିମନ୍ତେ ସ୍ୱୀକୃତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।^[୧୦] ଏହା ଏକ ଜେନେରିକ ଓଷଧ (generic medication) ଓ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ବ୍ରାଣ୍ଡ ନାମରେ ପୃଥିବୀବ୍ୟାପୀ ବିକ୍ରୟ ହୁଏ ।^[୧]^[୨] ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକାରେ ସନ ୨୦୧୮ରେ ଏହାର ଏକ ମାତ୍ରା ଔଷଧର ହୋଲସେଲ ମୂଲ୍ୟ ୦.୦୫ ଡଲାର ଥିଲା । ^[୧୨] ସନ ୨୦୧୬ରେ ପ୍ରେସକ୍ରିପସନ ହୋଇଥିବା ଔଷଧମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଏହାର ନାମ ୩୯ତମ ସଂଖ୍ୟାରେ ଥିଲା ଓ ୧୯ ନିୟୁତ ପ୍ରେସକ୍ରିପସନ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।^[୧୩]

ଆଧାର

↑ ^୧.୦୦ ^୧.୦୧ ^୧.୦୨ ^୧.୦୩ ^୧.୦୪ ^୧.୦୫ ^୧.୦୬ ^୧.୦୭ ^୧.୦୮ ^୧.୦୯ ^୧.୧୦ ^୧.୧୧ ^୧.୧୨ "Tramadol Hydrochloride". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved Dec 1, 2014.
↑ ^୨.୦ ^୨.୧ ^୨.୨ "Tramadol". Drugs.com (in ଇଂରାଜୀ). Retrieved 22 December 2018.
↑ "Tramadol: MedlinePlus Drug Information". medlineplus.gov (in ଇଂରାଜୀ).
↑ ^୪.୦ ^୪.୧ Brayfield, A, ed. (13 December 2013). "Tramadol Hydrochloride". Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. Pharmaceutical Press. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
↑ ^୫.୦ ^୫.୧ "Ultram, Ultram ER (tramadol) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more". Medscape Reference. WebMD. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
↑ Dayer, P; Desmeules, J; Collart, L (1997). "[Pharmacology of tramadol]". Drugs. 53 Suppl 2: 18–24. doi:10.2165/00003495-199700532-00006. PMID 9190321.
↑ "Australian Label: Tramadol Sandoz 50 mg capsules" (PDF). TGA eBusiness Services. 4 November 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
↑ ^୮.୦ ^୮.୧ ^୮.୨ British national formulary : BNF 74 (74 ed.). British Medical Association. 2017. pp. 447–448. ISBN 978-0857112989.
↑ "Tramadol Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings". Drugs.com. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
↑ ^୧୦.୦ ^୧୦.୧ ^୧୦.୨ Leppert W (November–December 2009). "Tramadol as an analgesic for mild to moderate cancer pain" (PDF). Pharmacological reports. 61 (6): 978–92. doi:10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70159-8. PMID 20081232.
↑ Raffa RB, Buschmann H, Christoph T, Eichenbaum G, Englberger W, Flores CM, Hertrampf T, Kögel B, Schiene K, Straßburger W, Terlinden R, Tzschentke TM (2012). "Mechanistic and functional differentiation of tapentadol and tramadol". Expert Opin Pharmacother. 13 (10): 1437–49. doi:10.1517/14656566.2012.696097. PMID 22698264.
↑ "NADAC as of 2018-12-19". Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (in ଇଂରାଜୀ). Archived from the original on 2018-12-19. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
↑ "The Top 300 of 2019". clincalc.com. Retrieved 22 December 2018.

ବାହ୍ୟ ଲିଙ୍କ

Medline Plus – Patient Information Medline Plus (A Service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine)
U.S. National Library of Medicine: Drug Information Portal – Tramadol

[AHFS2014-1] ୧.୦୦ ^୧.୦୧ ^୧.୦୨ ^୧.୦୩ ^୧.୦୪ ^୧.୦୫ ^୧.୦୬ ^୧.୦୭ ^୧.୦୮ ^୧.୦୯ ^୧.୧୦ ^୧.୧୧ ^୧.୧୨ "Tramadol Hydrochloride". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved Dec 1, 2014.

[generics-2] ୨.୦ ^୨.୧ ^୨.୨ "Tramadol". Drugs.com (in ଇଂରାଜୀ). Retrieved 22 December 2018.

[3] "Tramadol: MedlinePlus Drug Information". medlineplus.gov (in ଇଂରାଜୀ).

[MD-4] ୪.୦ ^୪.୧ Brayfield, A, ed. (13 December 2013). "Tramadol Hydrochloride". Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. Pharmaceutical Press. Retrieved 5 April 2014.

[MSR-5] ୫.୦ ^୫.୧ "Ultram, Ultram ER (tramadol) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more". Medscape Reference. WebMD. Retrieved 28 November 2013.

[6] Dayer, P; Desmeules, J; Collart, L (1997). "[Pharmacology of tramadol]". Drugs. 53 Suppl 2: 18–24. doi:10.2165/00003495-199700532-00006. PMID 9190321.

[TGAIR-7] "Australian Label: Tramadol Sandoz 50 mg capsules" (PDF). TGA eBusiness Services. 4 November 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2014.

[BNF74-8] ୮.୦ ^୮.୧ ^୮.୨ British national formulary : BNF 74 (74 ed.). British Medical Association. 2017. pp. 447–448. ISBN 978-0857112989.

[9] "Tramadol Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings". Drugs.com. Retrieved 5 September 2016.

[PHR2009-10] ୧୦.୦ ^୧୦.୧ ^୧୦.୨ Leppert W (November–December 2009). "Tramadol as an analgesic for mild to moderate cancer pain" (PDF). Pharmacological reports. 61 (6): 978–92. doi:10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70159-8. PMID 20081232.

[Raf2012-11] Raffa RB, Buschmann H, Christoph T, Eichenbaum G, Englberger W, Flores CM, Hertrampf T, Kögel B, Schiene K, Straßburger W, Terlinden R, Tzschentke TM (2012). "Mechanistic and functional differentiation of tapentadol and tramadol". Expert Opin Pharmacother. 13 (10): 1437–49. doi:10.1517/14656566.2012.696097. PMID 22698264.

[12] "NADAC as of 2018-12-19". Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (in ଇଂରାଜୀ). Archived from the original on 2018-12-19. Retrieved 22 December 2018.

[13] "The Top 300 of 2019". clincalc.com. Retrieved 22 December 2018.

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