କେଟାମିନ

କେଟାମିନ
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com	Consumer Drug Information
data	US FDA: Ketamine;
Pregnancy; category	AU: B3 ; US: C (Risk not ruled out) ; ;
Addiction; liability	Low–moderate
Routes of; administration	IV, IM, insufflated, oral, topical
ATC code	N01AX03 (WHO) ;
Legal status
Legal status	AU: S8 (Controlled) ; CA: Schedule I ; UK: Class B ; US: Schedule III ; UN: Unscheduled ;
Pharmacokinetic data
Metabolism	Liver, primarily by CYP3A4
Onset of action	< 5min (IM, IV), < 30min (by mouth)
Elimination half-life	2.5–3 hours
Duration of action	less than one hour
Excretion	Kidney (>90%)
Identifiers
	IUPAC name (RS)-2-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)cyclohexanone;
CAS Number	6740-88-1 ;
PubChem CID	3821;
IUPHAR/BPS	4233;
DrugBank	DB01221 ;
ChemSpider	3689 ;
UNII	690G0D6V8H;
KEGG	D08098 ;
ChEBI	CHEBI:6121 ;
ChEMBL	CHEMBL742 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.027.095
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C13H16ClNO
Molar mass	237.725 g/mol
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
Chirality	1 : 1 mixture (racemate)
Melting point	262 °C (504 °F)
	SMILES CNC1(C2=CC=CC=C2Cl)CCCCC1=O;
	InChI InChI=1S/C13H16ClNO/c1-15-13(9-5-4-8-12(13)16)10-6-2-3-7-11(10)14/h2-3,6-7,15H,4-5,8-9H2,1H3 ; Key:YQEZLKZALYSWHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
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Ketamine, ବିକ୍ରୟ ନାମ Ketalar ଏକ ଔଷଧ ଯାହା ନିଶ୍ଚେତକ ଭାବରେ ବ୍ୟବ‌ହୃତ ହୁଏ (anesthesia) ।^[୪] ଏହା ଏକ ଅଚେତନ ଅବସ୍ଥା ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରେ ଯେଉଁଥିରେ ମାନବର ସମାଧି ଭଳି ଏକ ଅବସ୍ଥା ଆସେ ଓ ଯନ୍ତ୍ରଣାଶୂନ୍ୟ, ପ୍ରଶାନ୍ତ ଅବସ୍ଥା ଓ ସ୍ମୃତି ଶୁନ୍ୟତା ଲାଭ କରେ ।^[୫] କ୍ରନିକ ଯନ୍ତ୍ରଣା ହେଉଥିଲେ ଓ ଇଣ୍ଟେନସିଭ କେୟାରରେ ଏହି ଔଷଧ ପ୍ରଶାନ୍ତି ନିମନ୍ତେ ଦିଆଯାଏ । ^[୬]^[୭] ହୃତ୍‌ପିଣ୍ଡ କ୍ରିୟା, ଶ୍ୱାସକ୍ରିୟା ଓ ଶ୍ୱାସନଳୀ ରିଫ୍ଲେକ୍ସ ସାଧାରଣ ରହେ ।^[୫] ଏହି ଔଷଧର ଇଞ୍ଜେକସନ ଦେଲେ ୫ ମିନିଟ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଏହାର ପ୍ରଭାବ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୁଏ ଓ ୨୫ ମିନିଟ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ରହେ । ^[୩]^[୪]

ସାଧାରଣ ପାର୍ଶ୍ୱ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଔଷଧର ପ୍ରଭାବ କମିଆସିଲେ ମାନସିକ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୁଏ ।^[୮] ଏଣୁ ଉତ୍ତେଜନା, ଦ୍ୱନ୍ଦ ଓ ସାଇକୋସିସ୍ ହୋଇପାରେ । ^[୮]^[୪]^[୯] ବୃଦ୍ଧିପ୍ରାପ୍ତ ରକ୍ତଚାପ ଓ ମାଂସପେଶୀ କମ୍ପନ ସାଧାରଣତଃ ଦେଖାଯାଏ, ନିମ୍ନ ରକ୍ତଚାପ ଓ ଧୀର ଶ୍ୱାସକ୍ରିୟା ମଧ୍ୟ ଦେଖାଯାଇପାରେ ।^[୪]^[୯] ସ୍ୱରକର (Larynx) ଅତ ସଙ୍କୋଚନ (spasm) ହୋଇପାରେ ।^[୪] ଏନଏମଡିଏ ରିସେପ୍ଟର ଆଣ୍ଟାଗୋନିସ୍ଟ ଶ୍ରେଣୀରେ କେଟାମିନ ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ ହେଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଓପିଅଏଡ ରିସେପ୍ଟର ଓ ମୋନୋଆମିନୋ ଟ୍ରାନ୍ସପୋର୍ଟର ଉପରେ ଏହା ପ୍ରଭାବ ପକାଇ ପାରେ । ^[୧୦]

ସନ ୧୯୬୨ରେ କେଟାମିନ ଆବିଷ୍କୃତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।^[୩] ଏହାର ନାମ ବିଶ୍ୱ ସ୍ୱାସ୍ଥ୍ୟ ସଂଗଠନର ଅତ୍ୟାବଶ୍ୟକୀୟ ଔଷଧ ଚିଠାରେ ଅଛି ଯାହା ମୌଳିକ ସ୍ୱାସ୍ଥ୍ୟ ସିସ୍ଟମ ନିମନ୍ତେ ଅତି ମହତ୍ତ୍ୱପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ।^[୧୧] ଏହା ଜେନେରିକ ଔଷଧ ନାମରେ ଉପଲବ୍‌ଧ ହୁଏ ।^[୪] ପ୍ରତି ଡୋଜର ହୋଲସେଲ ମୂଲ୍ୟ ୦.୦୮ରୁ ୦.୩୨ ଆମେରିକୀୟ ଡଲାର । ^[୧୨] ଏହା ଏକ ଦୁରୂପ‌ଯୋଗୀ ଔଷଧ (drug of abuse) ନାମରେ ନାମିତ ହୋଇଛି ।^[୪]

ଆଧାର

↑ Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY (ed.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 374–375. ISBN 9780071481274. Phencyclidine (PCP or angel dust) and ketamine (also known as special K) are structurally related drugs... their reinforcing properties and risks related to compulsive abuse{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ Hijazi, Y; Boulieu, R (July 2002). "Contribution of CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C9 isoforms to N-demethylation of ketamine in human liver microsomes". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 30 (7): 853–8. doi:10.1124/dmd.30.7.853. PMID 12065445.
↑ ^୩.୦ ^୩.୧ ^୩.୨ ^୩.୩ "Ketamine - CESAR". Center for substance abuse research. University of Maryland. Archived from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
↑ ^୪.୦ ^୪.୧ ^୪.୨ ^୪.୩ ^୪.୪ ^୪.୫ ^୪.୬ "Ketamine Injection". drugs.com. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
↑ ^୫.୦ ^୫.୧ Green, SM; Roback, MG; Kennedy, RM; Krauss, B (2011). "Clinical Practice Guideline for Emergency Department Ketamine Dissociative Sedation: 2011 Update". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 57 (5): 449–61. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2010.11.030. PMID 21256625.
↑ Zgaia, AO; Irimie, A; Sandesc, D; Vlad, C; Lisencu, C; Rogobete, A; Achimas-Cadariu, P (2015). "The role of ketamine in the treatment of chronic cancer pain". Clujul medical (1957). 88 (4): 457–61. PMID 26733743.
↑ Zapantis, A; Leung, S (September 2005). "Tolerance and withdrawal issues with sedation". Critical care nursing clinics of North America. 17 (3): 211–23. PMID 16115529.
↑ ^୮.୦ ^୮.୧ Strayer, RJ; Nelson, LS (2008). "Adverse events associated with ketamine for procedural sedation in adults". American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 26 (9): 985–1028. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2007.12.005. PMID 19091264.
↑ ^୯.୦ ^୯.୧ "Ketamine Side Effects". drugs.com. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
↑ Kohrs, R; Durieux, ME (November 1998). "Ketamine: Teaching an old drug new tricks". Anesthesia & Analgesia. 87 (5): 1186–93. doi:10.1213/00000539-199811000-00039. PMID 9806706.
↑ "WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines" (PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
↑ "Ketamine". Retrieved 12 January 2016.^{[permanent dead link]}

[NHM-PCP_and_ketamine-1] Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY (ed.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 374–375. ISBN 9780071481274. Phencyclidine (PCP or angel dust) and ketamine (also known as special K) are structurally related drugs... their reinforcing properties and risks related to compulsive abuse{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[2] Hijazi, Y; Boulieu, R (July 2002). "Contribution of CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C9 isoforms to N-demethylation of ketamine in human liver microsomes". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 30 (7): 853–8. doi:10.1124/dmd.30.7.853. PMID 12065445.

[Mary2014-3] ୩.୦ ^୩.୧ ^୩.୨ ^୩.୩ "Ketamine - CESAR". Center for substance abuse research. University of Maryland. Archived from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2014.

[KetPres2013-4] ୪.୦ ^୪.୧ ^୪.୨ ^୪.୩ ^୪.୪ ^୪.୫ ^୪.୬ "Ketamine Injection". drugs.com. Retrieved 1 December 2014.

[GreenRoback2011-5] ୫.୦ ^୫.୧ Green, SM; Roback, MG; Kennedy, RM; Krauss, B (2011). "Clinical Practice Guideline for Emergency Department Ketamine Dissociative Sedation: 2011 Update". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 57 (5): 449–61. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2010.11.030. PMID 21256625.

[6] Zgaia, AO; Irimie, A; Sandesc, D; Vlad, C; Lisencu, C; Rogobete, A; Achimas-Cadariu, P (2015). "The role of ketamine in the treatment of chronic cancer pain". Clujul medical (1957). 88 (4): 457–61. PMID 26733743.

[7] Zapantis, A; Leung, S (September 2005). "Tolerance and withdrawal issues with sedation". Critical care nursing clinics of North America. 17 (3): 211–23. PMID 16115529.

[StrayerNelson2008-8] ୮.୦ ^୮.୧ Strayer, RJ; Nelson, LS (2008). "Adverse events associated with ketamine for procedural sedation in adults". American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 26 (9): 985–1028. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2007.12.005. PMID 19091264.

[KetSide2014-9] ୯.୦ ^୯.୧ "Ketamine Side Effects". drugs.com. Retrieved 1 December 2014.

[pmid9806706-10] Kohrs, R; Durieux, ME (November 1998). "Ketamine: Teaching an old drug new tricks". Anesthesia & Analgesia. 87 (5): 1186–93. doi:10.1213/00000539-199811000-00039. PMID 9806706.

[11] "WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines" (PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2014.

[12] "Ketamine". Retrieved 12 January 2016.^{[permanent dead link]}

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