"କାମି" ପୃଷ୍ଠାର ସଂସ୍କରଣଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ତଫାତ
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No edit summary ଟ୍ୟାଗସବୁ: ମୋବାଇଲ ସମ୍ପାଦନା ମୋବାଇଲ ୱେବ ବଦଳ |
No edit summary ଟ୍ୟାଗସବୁ: ମୋବାଇଲ ସମ୍ପାଦନା ମୋବାଇଲ ୱେବ ବଦଳ |
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୪୨ କ ଧାଡ଼ି:
୯୨୬ ଖ୍ରୀଷ୍ଟାବ୍ଦରେ, ଏଙ୍ଗିଶିକି (延喜式; ବା [[ଏଙ୍ଗି କାଳ]]ର ସ୍ଥାପକ) ପଚାଶଟି ପୁସ୍ତକରେ ପ୍ରଖ୍ଯାପିତ କରାଗଲା । ଏଥିରେ ଶିଣ୍ଟୋବାଦର ରୀତିନୀତି ତଥା [[ନୋରିତୋ]]ଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ପ୍ରଥମ କରି ଲେଖାଯାଇଥିଲା ଯାହା ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ଶିଣ୍ଟୋବାଦର ରୀତିନୀତିକୁ ଗଭୀର ପ୍ରବାଭିତ କରିଥିଲା । ଏଥିରେ ସେ କାଳର ସମସ୍ତ ୨,୮୬୧ଟି ଶାଳର ସୂଚୀ ତଥା ୩,୧୩୧ ଜଣ କାମିଙ୍କର ସୂଚୀ ଆଦି ରହିଛି ।<ref>{{cite book|last1=Picken|first1=Stuart D.B.|title=Historical Dictionary of Shinto|date=2011|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group|location=Lanham|isbn=978-0-8108-7372-8|page=92|edition=2nd}}</ref> ତଦୋପରାନ୍ତ କାମିଙ୍କର ସଂଖ୍ଯା ବହୁତ ବଢି ଯାଇଛି । କେବଳ [[ଯାସୁକୁନି ଶାଳ]]ରେ ୨୪,୪୬,୦୦୦ ଜଣ କାମି ସ୍ଥାପିତ ଅଛନ୍ତି ।<ref>{{cite web|title=Deities|url=http://www.yasukuni.or.jp/english/about/deities.html|website=Yasukuni Shrine|access-date=2016-06-29|language=en}}</ref>
== Shinto belief ==
Kami are the central objects of worship for the [[Shinto]] belief. The ancient [[animistic]] spirituality of Japan was the beginning of modern Shinto, which became a formal spiritual institution later, in an effort to preserve the traditional beliefs from the encroachment of imported religious ideas. As a result, the nature of what can be called kami is very general and encompasses many different concepts and phenomena.
Some of the objects or phenomena designated as kami are qualities of growth, fertility, and production; natural phenomena like [[wind]] and [[thunder]]; natural objects like the [[sun]], [[mountain]]s, [[river]]s, [[tree]]s, and [[Rock (geology)|rocks]]; some [[animal]]s; and [[Sorei|ancestral spirits]]. Included within the designation of ancestral spirits are spirits of the ancestors of the [[Imperial House of Japan]], but also ancestors of noble families as well as the spirits of the ancestors of all people, which when they died were believed to be the guardians of their descendants.<ref name="Yamakage" />{{rp|150}}
There are other spirits designated as kami as well. For example, the guardian spirits of the land, occupations, and skills; spirits of Japanese heroes, men of outstanding deeds or virtues, and those who have contributed to civilization, culture, and human welfare; those who have died for the state or the community;{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} and the pitiable dead. Not only spirits superior to man can be considered kami; spirits that are considered pitiable or weak have also been considered kami in Shinto.
The concept of kami has been changed and refined since ancient times, although anything that was considered to be kami by ancient people will still be considered kami in modern [[Shinto]]. Even within modern Shinto, there are no clearly defined criteria for what should or should not be worshipped as kami. The difference between modern Shinto and the ancient animistic religions is mainly a refinement of the kami-concept, rather than a difference in definitions.{{Citation needed|date = July 2013}}
Although the ancient designations are still adhered to, in modern Shinto many priests also consider kami to be [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] spirits, with nobility and authority. One such example is the mythological figure [[Amaterasu]]-ōmikami, the sun goddess of the Shinto pantheon. Although these kami can be considered deities, they are not necessarily considered [[omnipotent]] or [[omniscient]], and like the [[List of Greek mythological figures|Greek Gods]], they had flawed personalities and were quite capable of ignoble acts. In the myths of Amaterasu, for example, she could see the events of the human world, but had to use divination rituals to see the future.
There are considered to be three main variations of kami: {{Nihongo||天津神|Amatsukami|extra=the heavenly deities}}, {{Nihongo||国津神|Kunitsukami|extra=the gods of the earthly realm}}, and {{Nihongo||八百万の神|ya-o-yorozu no kami|extra=countless kami}}. ("{{Nihongo2|八百万}}" literally means eight million, but idiomatically it expresses "uncountably many" and "all-around"—like many East Asian cultures, the Japanese often use the number 8, representing the cardinal and ordinal directions, to symbolize ubiquity.) These classifications of kami are not considered strictly divided, due to the fluid and shifting nature of kami, but are instead held as guidelines for grouping them.<ref name="Yamakage" />{{rp|56}}
The ancestors of a particular family can also be worshipped as kami. In this sense, these kami are worshipped not because of their godly powers, but because of a distinctive quality or virtue. These kami are celebrated regionally, and several miniature shrines (''[[hokora]]'') have been built in their honor. In many cases, people who once lived are thus revered; an example of this is [[Tenjin (kami)|Tenjin]], who was [[Sugawara no Michizane]] (845-903 CE) in life.
Within Shinto it is believed that the nature of life is sacred because the kami began human life. Yet people cannot perceive this divine nature, which the kami created, on their own; therefore, [[magokoro]], or purification, is necessary in order to see the divine nature.<ref name="religionfacts1">{{cite web|url=http://www.religionfacts.com/shinto/index.htm |title=Shinto |publisher=ReligionFacts |date=2016-11-17 |access-date=2017-01-01}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|sure=yes|reason=Source appears to be a self-published site.|date=November 2017}} This purification can only be granted by the kami. In order to please the kami and earn magokoro, Shinto followers are taught to uphold the four affirmations of Shinto.
The first affirmation is to hold fast to tradition and the family. Family is seen as the main mechanism by which traditions are preserved. For instance, in marriage or birth, tradition is potentially observed and passed onto future generations. The second affirmation is to have a love of nature. Nature objects are worshipped as sacred because the kami inhabit them. Therefore, to be in contact with nature means to be in contact with the gods. The third affirmation is to maintain physical cleanliness. Followers of Shinto take baths, wash their hands, and rinse out their mouths often. The last affirmation is to practice [[matsuri]], which is the worship and honor given to the kami and ancestral spirits.<ref name="religionfacts1" />
Shinto followers also believe that the kami are the ones who can either grant blessings or curses to a person. Shinto believers desire to appease the evil kami to "stay on their good side", and also to please the good kami. In addition to practicing the four affirmations daily, Shinto believers also wear ''[[omamori]]'' to aid them in remaining pure and protected. Mamori are charms that keep the evil kami from striking a human with sickness or causing disaster to befall them.<ref name="religionfacts1" />
The kami are both worshipped and respected within the religion of Shinto. The goal of life to Shinto believers is to obtain ''magokoro'', a pure sincere heart, which can only be granted by the kami.<ref name="Halverson">{{cite book|last1=Halverson|first1=Dean C.|title=The Compact Guide to World Religions|date=1996|publisher=Bethany House Publishers|location=Minneapolis, Minnesota|isbn=1-55661-704-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/compactguidetowo00halv/page/205 205]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/compactguidetowo00halv/page/205}}</ref> As a result, Shinto followers are taught that humankind should venerate both the living and the nonliving, because both possess a divine superior spirit within: the kami.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hopfe|first1=Lewis M.|last2=Woodward|first2=Mark R.|title=Religions of the World|date=2009|publisher=Vango Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-13-606177-9|edition=11th}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=January 2017}}
== ବିଶେଷ କାମି ==
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