"ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ନିର୍ବାଚନ" ପୃଷ୍ଠାର ସଂସ୍କରଣଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ତଫାତ
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ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟିକୁ ଖାଲି କରିଦେଲେ ଟ୍ୟାଗସବୁ: Blanking ମୋବାଇଲ ସମ୍ପାଦନା ମୋବାଇଲ ୱେବ ବଦଳ |
Aditya Mahar (ଆଲୋଚନା | ଅବଦାନ) ଟିକେ 2600:387:0:805:0:0:0:29 (ଆଲୋଚନା)ଙ୍କ ଦେଇ କରାଯାଇଥିବା ବଦଳକୁ Jnanabotଙ୍କ ଦେଇ କରାଯାଇଥିବା ଶେଷ ବଦଳକୁ ଫେରାଇ ଦିଆଗଲା ଟ୍ୟାଗ: Rollback |
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୧ କ ଧାଡ଼ି:
ସବୁ ଗଣତନ୍ତ୍ରର ନିର୍ବାଚନ ପଦ୍ଧତି ଠାରୁ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ଓ ଉପରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ନିର୍ବାଚନ ପଦ୍ଧତି ସମ୍ପ୍ପୂର୍ଣ ଭିନ୍ନ । ଏଥିରେ ସିଧାସଳଖ ଭୋଟ ନ ହେଇ ପଞ୍ଜୀକୃତ ଭୋଟର ମାନେ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ନିର୍ବାଚନ କଲେଜର ଏକ ସଦସ୍ୟ ଦଳଙ୍କୁ ଭୋଟ ଦିଅନ୍ତି । ଯେଉଁମାନେ ବିଜୟୀ ହୁଅନ୍ତି , ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ନିର୍ବାଚକ ( electot ) କୁହା ଯାଏ । ତା ପର ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟରେ ଏହି ସବୁ ନିର୍ବାଚକ ସିଧାସଳଖ ଭୋଟ ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ଓ ଉପରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ଯୋଡିଙ୍କୁ ନିର୍ବାଚନ କରନ୍ତି । ଯଦି ଏହି ନିର୍ବାଚନରେ କେହି ନିରଙ୍କୁଶ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଗରିଷ୍ଠତା ନ ପାଆନ୍ତି , ତେବେ ପୁଣି ପ୍ରତିନିଧି ସଭା ( House of commons ) ନିଷ୍ପତ୍ତି ନିଏ କିଏ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ହେବେ । ଉପରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ପାଇଁ ସିନେଟ ନିଷ୍ପତ୍ତି ନିଏ ।
'''ନିର୍ବାଚନ ଦିବସ : ଆମେରିକାରେ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ନିର୍ବାଚନ ପ୍ରତି ଚାରି ବର୍ଷରେ ଥରେ ହୁଏ । ଆମେରିକାର ସବିଧାନ ଅନୁସାରେ ଏହି ଦିବସ ସ୍ଥାୟୀ ଭାବରେ ନିର୍ଧାରିତ ହେଇଛି । ନଭେମ୍ବର ମାସର ପ୍ରଥମ ସୋମବାର ପରବର୍ତୀ ମଙ୍ଗଳନାର ହିଁ ନିର୍ବାଚନ ଦିବସ ରୂପେ ସ୍ଥିର ହୁଏ । ୨୦୧୬ରେ ହେବାକୁ ଥିବା ନିର୍ବାଚନ ପାଇଁ ସେହି ଅନୁସାରେ ନଭେମ୍ବର ୮ ତାରିଖ , ୨୦୧୬କୁ ସ୍ଥିରୀକୃତ ହେଇଛି । '''
== ନିର୍ବାଚନ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ ==
=== ଆବଶ୍ୟକୀୟ ଯୋଗ୍ୟତା ===
[[ଫାଇଲ:NaturalBornCitizenClause.jpg|thumb|300x300_ପିକସେଲ|ଅମରିକୀୟ ସମ୍ବିଧାନ ବର୍ଣିତ "ପ୍ପ୍ରାକ୍ରୁତିକ ଭାବେ ଜନ୍ମିତ ନାଗରିକ "ର ବ୍ୟାଖ୍ୟା , ୧୭୮୭ରେ ପ୍ରକାଶିତ ହସ୍ତଲିଖିତ ଦଲିଲ ]]
ସମ୍ବିଧାନ ଅନୁସାରେ [[ଆମେରିକା]] ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ହେବା ପାଇଁ ଜେନ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ନିଶ୍ଚୟ ଅମରିକା ର "ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ଭାବେ ଜନ୍ମିତ ନାଗରିକ " ହେଇଥିବା ଦରକାର , ୩୫ ବର୍ଷରୁ ଉର୍ଦ୍ଧ ହେବା ଦରକାର , ଏବଂ ଆମେରିକାରେ ୧୪ ବର୍ଷରୁ ଉର୍ଦ୍ଧ ସମୟ ଅବସ୍ଥାନ କରି ସାରିଥିବା ଦରକାର । ପୁନଶ୍ଚ ୨୨ ତମ ସମ୍ବିଧାନ ସଂଶୋଧନ ଅନୁସାରେ ଜେନ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ୨ ଥରରୁ ଅଧିକ ଥର ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ହେଇ ପାରିବେ ନାହିଁ ।
ସେହିପରି ଉପରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି। ପ୍ରାର୍ଥୀ ମଧ୍ୟ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତିଙ୍କ ପରି ସବୁ ଯୋଗ୍ୟତା ଥିବା ନିଧାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ।
[[ଫାଇଲ:Iowa_City_Caucus.jpg|thumb|୨୦୦୮ରେ ଗଣତନ୍ତ୍ରୀକ ଦଳର ପ୍ରାରମ୍ଭିକ ନିର୍ବାଚନ ସଭା IOWA ସହର ରେ ]]
[[ଫାଇଲ:Madison_Square_Garden,_February_2013.jpg|thumb|ମାଡିସନ ସ୍କୋୟାର ବଗିଚା , ୧୯୭୮,୮୦ ଓ ୯୨ରେ ଗଣତନ୍ତ୍ର ଦଳର ଜାତୀୟ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀ ସ୍ଥଳ ଓ ସମାଜବାଦୀ ଦଳର ୨୦୦୪ ଜାତୀୟ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀ ସ୍ଥଳ ]]
[[ଫାଇଲ:RNC-interior-Palin-20080903.jpg|thumb|୨୦୦୮ ପାଇଁ ସମାଜବାଦୀ ଜାତୀୟ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀ ସ୍ଥଳ , ମିନେସୋଟା ସହର ରେ ]]
=== ଭୋଟ ପ୍ରଦାନ ପଦ୍ଧତି ===
[[ଫାଇଲ:Larsz_-_US_election_08_(by-sa).jpg|ଡାହାଣ|thumb|୨୦୦୮ରେ ଟେକ୍ସସରେ ଜେନ ଭୋଟର ବୋତେ ଦଉଥିବାର ଦୃଶ୍ୟ]]
=== ଇଲେକଟୋରାଳ କଲେଜ ===
[[ଫାଇଲ:ElectoralCollege2012.svg|ଡାହାଣ|thumb|350x350_ପିକସେଲ|୨୦୧୨ ନିର୍ବାଚନରେ ଗଣତାନ୍ତ୍ରିକ ପ୍ରାର୍ଥୀ ବାରକ ଓବାମା ଜିତିଥିବା ୩୩୨ ଇଲେକଟୋରଳ ଭୋଟ (ନୀଳ ରଙ୍ଗ ଚିହ୍ନିତ ) ଓ ତାଙ୍କ ପ୍ରତିଦ୍ୱନ୍ଦୀ ମିଟ୍ଟ ରୋମନୀ ପାଇଥିବା ୨୦୬ ଭୋଟ (ଲାଲ ରଙ୍ଗ ଚିହ୍ନିତ )]]
== ପୂର୍ବତନ ନିର୍ବାଚନ ମାନଙ୍କ ସାରଣୀ ==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"
!Order
!Election year
!Winner
!Other major candidates<ref>A “major candidate” is defined as a candidate receiving at least 1.0% of the total popular vote or more than one electoral vote for elections including and after 1824, or greater than 5 electoral votes for elections including and before 1820.</ref>
|-
| 1st
| 1788–1789
| George Washington (''no party'') – 69 electoral votes
| John Adams** (''no party'') – 34 electoral votes<br>
John Jay (''no party'') – 9<br>
Robert H. Harrison (''no party'') – 6<br>
John Rutledge (''no party'') – 6
|-
| 2nd
| 1792
| George Washington (''no party'') – 132
| John Adams** (Federalist) – 77<br>
George Clinton (Democratic-Republican) – 50
|-
| 3rd
| 1796
| John Adams (Federalist) – 71
| Thomas Jefferson** (Democratic-Republican) – 68<br>
Thomas Pinckney (Federalist) – 59<br>
Aaron Burr (Democratic-Republican) – 30<br>
Samuel Adams (Democratic-Republican) – 15<br>
Oliver Ellsworth (Federalist) – 11<br>
George Clinton (Democratic-Republican) – 7
|-
| 4th
| 1800
| Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) – 73<ref name="1800 result">Both Burr and Jefferson received the same number of electoral votes. </ref>
| Aaron Burr** (Democratic-Republican) – 73<ref name="1800 result">Both Burr and Jefferson received the same number of electoral votes. </ref> <br>
John Adams (Federalist) – 65<br>
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney (Federalist) – 64
|-
| 5th
| 1804
| Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) – 162
| Charles Cotesworth Pinckney (Federalist) – 14
|-
| 6th
| 1808
| James Madison (Democratic-Republican) – 122
| Charles Cotesworth Pinckney (Federalist) – 47<br>
George Clinton (Democratic-Republican) – 6<br>
James Monroe (Democratic-Republican) – 0
|-
| 7th
| 1812
| James Madison (Democratic-Republican) – 128
| DeWitt Clinton (Federalist) – 89
|-
| 8th
| 1816
| James Monroe (Democratic-Republican) – 183
| Rufus King (Federalist) – 34
|-
| 9th
| 1820
| James Monroe (Democratic-Republican) – 228/231 <ref name="1820 result">There was a dispute as to whether Missouri's electoral votes in 1820 were valid, because of the timing of its assumption of statehood. </ref>
| John Quincy Adams (Democratic-Republican) – 1
|-
| 10th
| 1824*†
| John Quincy Adams* (Democratic-Republican) – 84<ref name="1824 result">None of the four presidential candidates in 1824 received a majority of the electoral vote, so the presidential election was decided by the House of Representatives</ref>
| Andrew Jackson† (Democratic-Republican) – 99<ref name="1824 result">None of the four presidential candidates in 1824 received a majority of the electoral vote, so the presidential election was decided by the House of Representatives</ref> <br>
William H. Crawford (Democratic-Republican) – 41<br>
Henry Clay (Democratic-Republican) – 37
|-
| 11th
| 1828
| Andrew Jackson (Democratic) – 178
| John Quincy Adams (National Republican) – 83
|-
| 12th
| 1832
| Andrew Jackson (Democratic) – 219
| Henry Clay (National Republican) – 49<br>
John Floyd (Nullifier) – 11<br>
William Wirt (Anti-Masonic) – 7
|-
| 13th
| 1836
| Martin Van Buren (Democratic) – 170
| William Henry Harrison (Whig) – 73<br>
Hugh Lawson White (Whig) – 26<br>
Daniel Webster (Whig) – 14<br>
Willie Person Mangum (Whig) – 11
|-
| 14th
| 1840
| William Henry Harrison (Whig) – 234
| Martin Van Buren (Democratic) – 60
|-
| 15th
| 1844*
| James K. Polk* (Democratic) – 170
| Henry Clay (Whig) – 105<br>
James G. Birney (Liberty) – 0
|-
| 16th
| 1848*
| Zachary Taylor (Whig) – 163
| Lewis Cass (Democratic) – 127<br>
Martin Van Buren (Free Soil) – 0
|-
| 17th
| 1852
| Franklin Pierce (Democratic) – 254
| Winfield Scott (Whig) – 42<br>
John P. Hale (Free Soil) – 0
|-
| 18th
| 1856*
| James Buchanan* (Democratic) – 174
| John C. Frémont (Republican) – 114<br>
Millard Fillmore (American Party/Whig) – 8
|-
| 19th
| 1860*
| Abraham Lincoln* (Republican) – 180
| John C. Breckinridge (Southern Democratic) – 72<br>
John Bell (Constitutional Union) – 39<br>
Stephen A. Douglas (Northern Democratic) – 12
|-
| 20th
| 1864<ref name="1864 results">Because of the American Civil War, all of the states in rebellion did not participate</ref>
| Abraham Lincoln (National Union) – 212
| George B. McClellan (Democratic) – 21
|-
| 21st
| 1868
| Ulysses S. Grant (Republican) – 214
| Horatio Seymour (Democratic) – 80
|-
| 22nd
| 1872
| Ulysses S. Grant (Republican) – 286
| Horace Greeley (Democratic/Liberal Republican) – 0<ref>Greeley came in second in the popular vote but died before electoral votes were cast. </ref><br>
Thomas A. Hendricks (Democratic) – 42<br>
B. Gratz Brown (Democratic/Liberal Republican) – 18<br>
Charles J. Jenkins (Democratic) – 2
|-
| 23rd
| 1876*‡
| Rutherford B. Hayes* (Republican) – 185
| Samuel J. Tilden‡ (Democratic) – 184
|-
| 24th
| 1880*
| James A. Garfield* (Republican) – 214
| Winfield Scott Hancock (Democratic) – 155<br>
James Weaver (Greenback) – 0
|-
| 25th
| 1884*
| Grover Cleveland* (Democratic) – 219
| James G. Blaine (Republican) – 182<br>
John St. John (Prohibition) – 0<br>
Benjamin Franklin Butler (Greenback) – 0
|-
| 26th
| 1888*†
| Benjamin Harrison* (Republican) – 233
| Grover Cleveland† (Democratic) – 168<br>
Clinton B. Fisk (Prohibition) – 0<br>
Alson Streeter (Union Labor) – 0
|-
| 27th
| 1892*
| Grover Cleveland* (Democratic) – 277
| Benjamin Harrison (Republican) – 145<br>
James Weaver (Populist) – 22<br>
John Bidwell (Prohibition) – 0
|-
| 28th
| 1896
| William McKinley (Republican) – 271
| William Jennings Bryan (Democratic/Populist) – 176
|-
| 29th
| 1900
| William McKinley (Republican) – 292
| William Jennings Bryan (Democratic) – 155<br>
John Woolley (Prohibition) – 0
|-
| 30th
| 1904
| Theodore Roosevelt (Republican) – 336
| Alton B. Parker (Democratic) – 140<br>
Eugene V. Debs (Socialist) – 0<br>
Silas C. Swallow (Prohibition) – 0
|-
| 31st
| 1908
| William Howard Taft (Republican) – 321
| William Jennings Bryan (Democratic) – 162<br>
Eugene V. Debs (Socialist) – 0<br>
Eugene W. Chafin (Prohibition) – 0
|-
| 32nd
| 1912*
| Woodrow Wilson* (Democratic) – 435
| Theodore Roosevelt (Progressive) – 88<br>
William Howard Taft (Republican) – 8<br>
Eugene V. Debs (Socialist) – 0<br>
Eugene W. Chafin (Prohibition) – 0
|-
| 33rd
| 1916*
| Woodrow Wilson* (Democratic) – 277
| Charles Evans Hughes (Republican) – 254<br>
Allan L. Benson (Socialist) – 0<br>
James Hanly (Prohibition) – 0
|-
| 34th
| 1920
| Warren G. Harding (Republican) – 404
| James M. Cox (Democratic) – 127<br>
Eugene V. Debs (Socialist) – 0
|-
| 35th
| 1924
| Calvin Coolidge (Republican) – 382
| John W. Davis (Democratic) – 136<br>
Robert M. La Follette, Sr. (Progressive) – 13
|-
| 36th
| 1928
| Herbert Hoover (Republican) – 444
| Al Smith (Democratic) – 87
|-
| 37th
| 1932
| Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democratic) – 472
| Herbert Hoover (Republican) – 59<br>
Norman Thomas (Socialist) – 0
|-
| 38th
| 1936
| Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democratic) – 523
| Alf Landon (Republican) – 8<br>
William Lemke (Union) – 0
|-
| 39th
| 1940
| Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democratic) – 449
| Wendell Willkie (Republican) – 82
|-
| 40th
| 1944
| Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democratic) – 432
| Thomas E. Dewey (Republican) – 99
|-
| 41st
| 1948*
| Harry S. Truman* (Democratic) – 303
| Thomas E. Dewey (Republican) – 189<br>
Strom Thurmond (States' Rights Democratic) – 39<br>
Henry A. Wallace (Progressive/Labor) – 0
|-
| 42nd
| 1952
| Dwight D. Eisenhower (Republican) – 442
| Adlai Stevenson (Democratic) – 89
|-
| 43rd
| 1956
| Dwight D. Eisenhower (Republican) – 457
| Adlai Stevenson (Democratic) – 73
|-
| 44th
| 1960*
| John F. Kennedy* (Democratic) – 303
| Richard Nixon (Republican) – 219<br>
Harry F. Byrd (Democratic) – 15<ref name="1960 results">Byrd was not directly on the 1960 ballot. </ref>
|-
| 45th
| 1964
| Lyndon B. Johnson (Democratic) – 486
| Barry Goldwater (Republican) – 52
|-
| 46th
| 1968*
| Richard Nixon* (Republican) – 301
| Hubert Humphrey (Democratic) – 191<br>
George C. Wallace (American Independent) – 46
|-
| 47th
| 1972
| Richard Nixon (Republican) – 520
| George McGovern (Democratic) – 17<br>
John G. Schmitz (American) – 0<br>
John Hospers (Libertarian) – 1
|-
| 48th
| 1976
| Jimmy Carter (Democratic) – 297
| Gerald Ford (Republican) – 240
|-
| 49th
| 1980
| Ronald Reagan (Republican) – 489
| Jimmy Carter (Democratic) – 49<br>
John B. Anderson (''no party'') – 0<br>
Ed Clark (Libertarian) – 0
|-
| 50th
| 1984
| Ronald Reagan (Republican) – 525
| Walter Mondale (Democratic) – 13
|-
| 51st
| 1988
| George H. W. Bush (Republican) – 426
| Michael Dukakis (Democratic) – 111
|-
| 52nd
| 1992*
| Bill Clinton* (Democratic) – 370
| George H. W. Bush (Republican) – 168<br>
Ross Perot (''no party'') – 0
|-
| 53rd
| 1996*
| Bill Clinton* (Democratic) – 379
| Bob Dole (Republican) – 159<br>
Ross Perot (Reform) – 0
|-
| 54th
| 2000*†
| George W. Bush* (Republican) – 271
| Al Gore† (Democratic) – 266<br>
Ralph Nader (Green) – 0
|-
| 55th
| 2004
| George W. Bush (Republican) – 286
| John Kerry (Democratic) – 251
|-
| 56th
| 2008
| Barack Obama (Democratic) – 365
| John McCain (Republican) – 173
|-
| 57th
| 2012
| Barack Obama (Democratic) – 332
| Mitt Romney (Republican) – 206
|}
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<references /></div>
== External links ==
* [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/sou.php The American Presidency Project (UC Santa Barbara: 52,000+ Presidential Documents)]
* [http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/electoral_college/votes/index.html Electoral College Box Scores]
* [http://www.ericdigests.org/2001-2/elections.html Teaching about Presidential Elections]
* [http://geoelections.free.fr/ All the maps since 1840 by counties] (French language site)
* [http://uselectionatlas.org/ Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections]
* [http://uspresidentialelections.webs.com/ History of U.S. Presidential Elections: 1789-2004]
* [http://home.comcast.net/~tmoy/super-graph/pres-elec.html Graphic election results from 1952 to 2008 broken down by state] (Java Applet)
* [http://www.davegentile.com/philosophy/Vermont.html A history of the presidency from the point of view of Vermont] Discusses history of American presidential elections with two states as opposite "poles", Vermont, and Alabama
* [http://www.livingroomcandidate.com The Living Room Candidate: A Compilation of Presidential Television Ads]
* [http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/presidential-elections Presidential Elections, from History.com]
* [http://dca.tufts.edu/features/aas A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825]
* [http://www.msu.edu/~sheppa28/elections.html How close were Presidential Elections?] - Michael Sheppard, Michigan State University
* [http://www.bessereweltlinks.de/open.php?id=59799 Better World Links on the U.S. Presidential Election]
* [http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/elections/index.html Presidential Elections: Resource Guides] from the Library of Congress
* [http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/elections/statistics.html U.S. Election Statistics: A Resource Guide] from the Library of Congress
* <span><span>[[File:Wikisource-logo.svg|ଲିଙ୍କ=|13x13_ପିକସେଲ]]</span></span><span></span> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia">"[[wikisource:The New International Encyclopædia/Electoral Votes|Electoral Votes]]". </cite><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">''New International Encyclopedia''. 1905.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+presidential+election&rft.atitle=Electoral+Votes&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"> </span> [[Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia|Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia]] This is a tabulation of the electoral votes by election year, and also includes the results for Vice President.
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