"ଅବସାଦ" ପୃଷ୍ଠାର ସଂସ୍କରଣ‌ଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ତଫାତ

{{Distinguish|Major depressive disorder}}

{{Infobox medical condition (new)

| image = A man diagnosed as suffering from melancholia with strong su Wellcome L0026693.jpg

| caption = Lithograph of a man diagnosed as suffering from [[melancholia]] with strong suicidal tendency (1892)

'''Depression''' is a state of low [[Mood (psychology)|mood]] and [[Aversion therapy|aversion]] to activity, that can affect a person's thoughts, behavior, tendencies, feelings, and [[subjective well-being|sense of well-being]]. A depressed mood is a normal temporary reaction to life events such as loss of a loved one. It is also a symptom of some physical diseases and a side effect of some drugs and medical treatments. Depressed mood is also a symptom of some [[mood disorders]] such as [[major depressive disorder]] or [[dysthymia]].<ref name="DSM-5(2013)">{{cite book |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) |year=2013 |publisher=American Psychiatric Association}}</ref>

 

 

Adversity in childhood, such as bereavement, [[neglect]], [[mental abuse]], [[physical abuse]], [[Child sexual abuse|sexual abuse]], and unequal parental treatment of siblings can contribute to depression in adulthood.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Christine Heim |author2=D. Jeffrey Newport |author3=Tanja Mletzko |author4=Andrew H. Miller |author5=Charles B. Nemeroff |title=The link between childhood trauma and depression: Insights from HPA axis studies in humans |journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=693–710 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306453008000693 |accessdate=20 April 2014 |doi=10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.03.008 |pmid=18602762 |date=July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00703.x |title=Mothers' Differentiation and Depressive Symptoms Among Adult Children |year=2010 |last1=Pillemer |first1=Karl |last2=Suitor |first2=J. Jill |last3=Pardo |first3=Seth |last4=Henderson Jr |first4=Charles |journal=Journal of Marriage and Family |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=333–345 |pmid=20607119 |pmc=2894713}}</ref> Childhood physical or [[sexual abuse]] in particular significantly correlates with the likelihood of experiencing depression over the life course.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lindert J, von Ehrenstein OS, Grashow R, Gal G, Braehler E, Weisskopf MG |title=Sexual and physical abuse in childhood is associated with depression and anxiety over the life course: systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Int J Public Health |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=359–72 |date=April 2014 |pmid=24122075 |doi=10.1007/s00038-013-0519-5}}</ref>

 

Life events and changes that may precipitate depressed mood include (but are not limited to): childbirth, [[menopause]], financial difficulties, unemployment, [[psychological stress|stress]] (such as from work, education, family, living conditions etc.), a medical diagnosis (cancer, HIV, etc.), [[bullying]], loss of a loved one, [[natural disaster]]s, [[social isolation]], rape, relationship troubles, jealousy, separation, and [[catastrophic injury]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schmidt |first=Peter |year=2005 |pmid=16414327 |title=Mood, Depression, and Reproductive Hormones in the Menopausal Transition |journal=The American Journal of Medicine |volume=118 Suppl 12B |pages=54–8 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.09.033 |issue=12}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rashid |first1=T. |last2=Heider |first2=I. |title=Life Events and Depression |year=2008 |journal=Annals of Punjab Medical College |volume=2 |issue=1 |url=http://www.pmc.edu.pk/Downloads/apmc/apmc_v2n1/Life%20Events%20And%20Depression.pdf |accessdate=15 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Prevalence of Depression and Depressive Symptoms Among Resident Physicians: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |journal=[[JAMA (journal)|JAMA]] |volume=314 |issue=22 |pages=2373–2383 |year=2015 |doi=10.1001/jama.2015.15845 |pmid=26647259 |pmc=4866499 |author1=Mata |first1=D. A. |last2=Ramos |first2=M. A. |last3=Bansal |first3=N |last4=Khan |first4=R |last5=Guille |first5=C |last6=Di Angelantonio |first6=E |last7=Sen |first7=S}}</ref> [[Adolescence|Adolescents]] may be especially prone to experiencing depressed [[Mood disorder|mood]] following [[social rejection]], [[peer pressure]] and bullying.<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=17570526 |year=2008 |author1=Davey |first1=C. G. |title=The emergence of depression in adolescence: Development of the prefrontal cortex and the representation of reward |journal=Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |last2=Yücel |first2=M |last3=Allen |first3=N. B. |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.04.016}}</ref>

 

High scores on the personality domain [[neuroticism]] make the development of depressive symptoms as well as all kinds of depression diagnoses more likely,<ref name="NeuroticismMA">{{cite journal |author=Jeronimus |displayauthors=etal |year=2016 |title=Neuroticism's prospective association with mental disorders: A meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443 313 participants |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=46 |issue=14 |pages=2883–2906 |doi=10.1017/S0033291716001653 |pmid=27523506}}</ref> and depression is associated with low [[extraversion]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kotov |displayauthors=etal |year=2010 |title=Linking "big" personality traits to anxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders: a meta-analysis |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=136 |issue=5 |pages=768–821 |pmid=20804236 |doi=10.1037/a0020327}}</ref> Other personality indicators could be: temporary but rapid mood changes, short term hopelessness, loss of interest in activities that used to be of a part of one's life, sleep disruption, withdrawal from previous social life, appetite changes, and difficulty concentrating.<ref name="healthline.com">{{cite web|title=Signs and Symptoms of Mild, Moderate, and Severe Depression|url=https://www.healthline.com/health/depression/mild-depression|date=2017-03-27}}</ref>

 

 

Studies have shown that those who are marginalized due to either their gender identity or sexual orientation (such as those that identify as [[LGBT]]) are more prone to depression.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Plöderl|first1=M|last2=Tremblay|first2=P|title=Mental health of sexual minorities. A systematic review|journal=International Review of Psychiatry (Abingdon, England)|date=2015|volume=27|issue=5|pages=367–85|doi=10.3109/09540261.2015.1083949|pmid=26552495}}</ref>

 

 

Depression may also be the result of healthcare, such as with medication induced depression. Therapies associated with depression include [[interferon]] therapy, [[beta-blockers]], [[isotretinoin]], [[contraceptives]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rogers |first1=Donald |last2=Pies |first2=Ronald |title=General Medical Drugs Associated with Depression |journal=Psychiatry (Edgmont) |date=9 January 2017 |volume=5 |issue=12 |pages=28–41 |issn=1550-5952 |pmc=2729620 |pmid=19724774}}</ref> cardiac agents, [[anticonvulsants]], [[antimigraine drug]]s, [[antipsychotics]], and [[Hormone therapy|hormonal agents]] such as [[gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Botts |first1=S |last2=Ryan |first2=M |title=Drug-Induced Diseases Section IV: Drug-Induced Psychiatric Diseases Chapter 18: Depression |url=https://www.ashp.org/DocLibrary/Policy/Suicidality/DID-Chapter18.aspx |pages=1–23}}</ref>

 

Several [[Substance abuse|drugs of abuse]] can cause or exacerbate depression, whether in [[Substance intoxication|intoxication]], withdrawal, and from chronic use. These include alcohol, [[sedative]]s (including prescription [[Mood disorder#Substance-induced|benzodiazepines]]), [[opioid]]s (including [[Analgesic|prescription pain killers]] and illicit drugs such as heroin), [[stimulant]]s (such as [[cocaine]] and [[amphetamines]]), [[hallucinogen]]s, and [[inhalants]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition. |last=American Psychiatric Association |first= |publisher=American Psychiatric Association |year=2013 |isbn= |location=Arlington, VA |pages=}}</ref>

 

{{main|Depression (differential diagnoses)}}

Depressed mood can be the result of a number of infectious diseases, [[nutritional deficiency|nutritional deficiencies]], neurological conditions<ref>Murray ED, Buttner N, Price BH. (2012) Depression and Psychosis in Neurological Practice. In: Neurology in Clinical Practice, 6th Edition. Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J (eds.) Butterworth Heinemann. 12 April 2012. {{ISBN|978-1437704341}}</ref> and physiological problems, including [[hypoandrogenism]] (in men), [[Addison's disease]], [[Cushing's syndrome]], [[hypothyroidism]], [[Lyme disease]], [[multiple sclerosis]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[chronic pain]], [[Stroke recovery#Post-stroke depression|stroke]],<ref name=Saravane>{{Cite journal |pmid=19748369 |year=2009 |last1=Saravane |first1=D |last2=Feve |first2=B |last3=Frances |first3=Y |last4=Corruble |first4=E |last5=Lancon |first5=C |last6=Chanson |first6=P |last7=Maison |first7=P |last8=Terra |first8=JL |last9=Azorin |first9=JM |title=Drawing up guidelines for the attendance of physical health of patients with severe mental illness |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=330–9 |doi=10.1016/j.encep.2008.10.014 |journal=L'Encéphale|display-authors=8|author10=avec le soutien institutionnel du laboratoire Lilly}}</ref> [[diabetes]],<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=21474250 |year=2011 |last1=Rustad |first1=JK |last2=Musselman |first2=DL |last3=Nemeroff |first3=CB |title=The relationship of depression and diabetes: Pathophysiological and treatment implications |volume=36 |issue=9 |pages=1276–86 |doi=10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.03.005 |journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology}}</ref> and cancer.<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=22412144 |year=2012 |last1=Li |first1=M |last2=Fitzgerald |first2=P |last3=Rodin |first3=G |title=Evidence-based treatment of depression in patients with cancer |volume=30 |issue=11 |pages=1187–96 |doi=10.1200/JCO.2011.39.7372 |journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology}}</ref>

 

{{Main|Mood disorder#Depressive disorders|l1=Depressive mood disorders}}

 

Outside the mood disorders: [[borderline personality disorder]] often features an extremely intense depressive mood; [[Adjustment disorder|adjustment disorder with depressed mood]] is a mood disturbance appearing as a psychological response to an identifiable event or stressor, in which the resulting emotional or behavioral symptoms are significant but do not meet the criteria for a major depressive episode;<ref name="psychiatric355">{{cite book |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision: DSM-IV-TR |author=American Psychiatric Association |publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. |location=Washington, DC |year=2000a |isbn=978-0-89042-025-6 |ref=CITEREFAmerican_Psychiatric_Association2000a}}</ref>{{rp|355}} and [[posttraumatic stress disorder]], a mental disorder that sometimes follows [[Major trauma|trauma]], is commonly accompanied by depressed mood.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vieweg |first1=W. V. |last2=Fernandez |first2=D. A. |last3=Beatty-Brooks |first3=M |last4=Hettema |first4=J. M. |last5=Pandurangi |first5=A. K. |title=Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Clinical Features, Pathophysiology, and Treatment |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=119 |issue=5 |pages=383–90 |date=May 2006 |pmid=16651048 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.09.027 |last6=Pandurangi |first6=Anand K.}}</ref>

 

{{main|Dispossession, oppression and depression}}

Researchers have begun to conceptualize ways in which the historical legacies of racism and colonialism may create depressive conditions.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cvetkovich |first1=Ann |title=Depression: A Public Feeling |date=2012 |publisher=Duke University Press Books |location=Durham, NC |isbn=978-0822352389}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cox |first1=William T.L. |last2=Abramson |first2=Lyn Y. |last3=Devine |first3=Patricia G. |last4=Hollon |first4=Steven D. |title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective |journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=427–49 |date=2012 |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204 |pmid=26168502}}</ref>

 

Depressed mood may not require professional treatment, and may be a normal temporary reaction to life events, a symptom of some medical condition, or a [[side effect]] of some drugs or medical treatments. A prolonged depressed mood, especially in combination with other symptoms, may lead to a diagnosis of a psychiatric or medical condition which may benefit from treatment. The UK [[National Institute for Health and Care Excellence]] (NICE) 2009 guidelines indicate that [[antidepressant]]s should not be routinely used for the initial treatment of '''mild''' depression, because the risk-benefit ratio is poor.<ref>[http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg90/chapter/key-priorities-for-implementation NICE guidelines, published October 2009]. Nice.org.uk. Retrieved on 2015-11-24.</ref>

 

{{reflist|30em}}

 

*{{Commonscat-inline|Depression}}