"ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଉଇକିପିଡ଼ିଆ" ପୃଷ୍ଠାର ସଂସ୍କରଣ‌ଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ତଫାତ

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ଟ୍ୟାଗସବୁ: ମୋବାଇଲ ସମ୍ପାଦନା ମୋବାଇଲ ୱେବ ବଦଳ
Demonetization is a generations’ memorable experience and is going to be one of the economic events of our time. Its impact is felt by every Indian citizen. Demonetization affects the economy through the liquidity side. Its effect will be a telling one
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Demonetization is a generations’ memorable experience and is going to be one of the economic events of our time. Its impact is felt by every Indian citizen. Demonetization affects the economy through the liquidity side. Its effect will be a telling one because nearly 86% of currency value in circulation was withdrawn without replacing bulk of it. As a result of the withdrawal of Rs 500 and Rs 1000 notes, there occurred huge gap in the currency composition as after Rs 100; Rs 2000 is the only denomination.
''ଉଇକିପିଡ଼ିଆ''' ({{IPAc-en|En-uk-Wikipedia.ogg|ˌ|w|ɪ|k|ɨ|ˈ|p|iː|d|i|.|ə}} or {{IPAc-en|en-us-Wikipedia.ogg|ˌ|w|ɪ|k|i|ˈ|p|iː|d|i|.|ə}} {{respell|WIK|i|PEE|dee-ə}}) ଏକ [[ଖୋଲା କଣ୍ଟେଣ୍ଟ|ଖୋଲା]]<!-- [[Free content|free]]-->, [[ଓର୍ଲ୍ଡ଼ ୱାଇଡ଼ ୱେବ|ୱେବ]]କୁ ନେଇ ତିଆରି <!--World Wide Web|web-based]-->,ମିଳିତ ଲେଖାଲେଖି|ମିଳିତ <!--[[collaborative writing|collaborative]]-->, [[ବହୁଭାଷୀ]] <!--[[multilingualism|multilingual]]--> ଜ୍ଞାନକୋଷ <!--[[encyclopedia]]--> ଯାହା ଏକ ଅଣଲାଭକାରୀ ସଙ୍ଘ [[ଉଇକିମିଡ଼ିଆ ଫାଉଣ୍ଡେସନ]] ଦେଇ ଚଳାଯାଇଥାଏ ।<!--[[Wikimedia Foundation]]--> ଏଥିରେ ୧୮ ମିଲିଅନ ଲେଖା (ଯେଉଁଥିରୁ କେବଳ ୩.୬ ମିଲିଅନ [[ଇଂରାଜୀ ଉଇକିପିଡ଼ିଆ]] ଅଛି) <!--[[English Wikipedia|English]]--> ମିଳିତ ଭାବରେ ବିଶ୍ଵର ଉଇକିପିଡ଼ିଆ ସଙ୍ଘ|କର୍ମୀମାନଙ୍କ <!--[[Community of Wikipedia|volunteers]]--> ଦେଇ ଲେଖାଯାଇଛି । ପ୍ରାୟ ସବୁଯାକ ଲେଖା ସଭିଙ୍କ ଦେଇ ବଦଳାଯାଇ ପାରିବ ।<ref>In some parts of the world, the access to Wikipedia had been blocked.</ref> ଉଇକିପିଡ଼ିଆ ୨୦୦୧ରେ [[ଜିମି ଉଏଲ୍ସ]] <!--[[Jimmy Wales]]--> ଓ [[ଲାରି ସାଙ୍ଗର]]ଙ୍କ <!--[[Larry Sanger]]--> ଦେଇ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରାଯାଇଥିଲା <ref name=MiliardWho>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cityweekly.net/utah/article-5129-feature-wikipediots-who-are-these-devoted-even-obsessive-contributors-to-wikipedia.html|author=Mike Miliard|title=Wikipediots: Who Are These Devoted, Even Obsessive Contributors to Wikipedia?|work=[[Salt Lake City Weekly]]|date=2008-03-01|accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref> ଓ [[ଇଣ୍ଟରନେଟ]]<!--[[Internet]]-->ରେ ସବୁଠୁ ବେଶି [[ଆଧାର ଦେବା]]ରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଇଥାଏ ।<!--[[reference work]]-->,<ref name="AlexaStats">{{cite web|url=http://www.alexa.com/data/details/traffic_details/wikipedia.org?range=5y&size=large&y=t|title = Five-year Traffic Statistics for Wikipedia.org|publisher=[[Alexa Internet]]|accessdate=2011-05-24 }}</ref><ref name=Tancer>{{Cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1595184,00.html|title=Look Who's Using Wikipedia|author=Bill Tancer|date=2007-05-01|publisher=''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''|accessdate=2007-12-01|quote=The sheer volume of content [...] is partly responsible for the site's dominance as an online reference. When compared to the top 3,200 educational reference sites in the U.S., Wikipedia is #1, capturing 24.3% of all visits to the category}} [[Cf.]] Bill Tancer (Global Manager, Hitwise), [http://weblogs.hitwise.com/bill-tancer/2007/03/wikipedia_search_and_school_ho.html "Wikipedia, Search and School Homework"], ''[[Hitwise]]'': An [[Experian]] Company ([[Blog]]), 2007-03-01. Retrieved 2008-12-18.</ref><ref name=Woodson>{{Cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/internetNews/idUSN0819429120070708 |title=Wikipedia remains go-to site for online news |date=2007-07-08|author=Alex Woodson |work=Reuters |accessdate=2007-12-16|quote=Online encyclopedia Wikipedia has added about 20 million unique monthly visitors in the past year, making it the top online news and information destination, according to Nielsen//NetRatings.}}</ref><ref>http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org?range=5y&size=large&y=t</ref> [[ଅଲେକ୍ସା ଇଣ୍ଟରନେଟ|ଆଲେକ୍ସା]] କ୍ରମ ଅନୁସାରେ <!--[[Alexa Internet|Alexa]]-->ଏହା ବିଶ୍ଵର ୭ମ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ଅଛି ଓ ପାଖାପାଖି ୩୬୫ ମିଲିଅନ ପାଠକ ଏହାକୁ ନିୟମିତ ପଢିଥାନ୍ତି ।r<ref name="AlexaStats"/><ref name="365M">[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/meta/3/3a/TED2010%2C_Stuart_West_full_presentation_updated_with_January_data.pdf ''Wikipedia's Evolving Impact''], by Stuart West, slideshow presentation at TED2010</ref>
 
Absence of intermediate denominations like Rs 500 and Rs 1000 will reduce the utility of Rs 2000. Effectively, this will make Rs 2000 less useful as a transaction currency though it can be a store value denomination.
 
Demonetization technically is a liquidity shock; a sudden stop in terms of currency availability. It creates a situation where lack of currencies jams consumption, investment, production, employment etc. In this context, the exercise may produce following short term/long term/, consumption/investment, welfare/growth impacts on Indian economy. The intensity of demonetization effects clearly depends upon the duration of the liquidity shocks. Following are the main impacts.
# Demonetization is not a big disaster like global banking sector crisis of 2007; but at the same time, it will act as a liquidity shock that disturbs economic activities.
# '''Liquidity crunch (short term effect):''' liquidity shock means people are not able to get sufficient volume of popular denomination especially Rs 500.  This currency unit is the favourable denomination in daily life. It constituted to nearly 49% of the previous currency supply in terms of value. Higher the time required to resupply Rs 500 notes, higher will be the duration of the liquidity crunch. Current  reports indicate that all security printing press can print only 2000 million units of RS 500 notes by the end of this year. Nearly 16000 mn Rs 500 notes were in circulation as on end March 2016. Some portion of this were filled by the new Rs 2000 notes. Towards end of March approximately 10000 mn units will be printed and replaced. All these indicate that currency crunch will be in our economy for the next four months.
# '''Welfare loss for the currency using population:''' Most active segments of the population who constitute the ‘base of the pyramid’ uses currency to meet their transactions. The daily wage earners, other labourers, small traders etc. who reside out of the formal economy uses cash frequently. These sections will lose income in the absence of liquid cash. Cash stringency will compel firms to reduce labour cost and thus reduces income to the poor working class.
There will be a trickle up effect of the liquidity chaos to the higher income people with time.
 
        '''4. Consumption will be hit:''' When liquidity shortage strikes, it is consumption that is going to be adversely affected first.
 
Consumption ↓→ Production ↓→ Employment ↓→ Growth ↓→ Tax revenue ↓
 
       '''5. Loss of Growth momentum'''- India risks its position of being the fastest growing largest economy: reduced consumption, income,      investment etc. may reduce India’s GDP growth as the liquidity impact itself may last three -four months.
 
6. '''Impact on bank deposits and interest rate:''' Deposit in the short term may rise, but in the long term, its effect will come down. The savings with the banks are actually liquid cash people stored. It is difficult to assume that such ready cash once stored in their hands will be put into savings for a long term. They saved this money into banks just to convert the old notes into new notes. These are not voluntary savings aimed to get interest. It will be converted into active liquidity by the savers when full-fledged new currency supply take place. This means that new savings with banks is only transitory or short-term deposit. It may be encashed by the savers at the appropriate time. It is not necessary that demonetization will produce big savings in the banking system in the medium term. Most of the savings are obtained by biggie public sector banks like the SBI. They may reduce interest rate in the short/medium term. But they can't follow it in the long term.
 
7. '''Impact on black money:''' Only a small portion of black money is actually stored in the form of cash. Usually, black income is kept in the form of physical assets like gold, land, buildings etc. Hence the amount of black money countered by demonetization depend upon the amount of black money held in the form of cash and it will be smaller than expected. But more than anything else, demonetization has a big propaganda effect. People are now much convinced about the need to fight black income.  such a nationwide awareness and urge will encourage government to come out with even strong measures.
 
8. '''Impact on counterfeit currency:''' the real impact will be on counterfeit/fake currency as its circulation will be checked after this exercise.
 
Demonetization as a cleaning exercise may produce several good things in the economy. At the same time, it creates unavoidable income and welfare losses to the poor sections of the society who gets income based on their daily work and those who doesn’t have the digital transaction culture. Overall economic activies will be dampened in the short term. But the unmeasurable benefits of having more transparency and reduced volume of black money activities can be pointed as long term benefits.