"ବ୍ୟବହାରକାରୀ:Snip1/ଡାଇଆପ୍‌ସିଡ୍‌" ପୃଷ୍ଠାର ସଂସ୍କରଣ‌ଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ତଫାତ

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{{Automatic taxobox
{{not odia|ଇଂରାଜୀ}}
| name = Diapsid reptiles
{{ବଟ୍ ତିଆରି}}
| fossil_range = [[Pennsylvanian (geology)|Pennsylvanian]]–[[Holocene|Present]], {{Fossil range|307|0}}
| image = Petrolacosaurus BW.jpg
| image_caption = Life restoration of an araeoscelidian (''[[Petrolacosaurus kansensis]]'')
| image2 = Nile crocodile head.jpg
| image2_caption = [[Nile crocodile]] (''Crocodylus niloticus'')
| authority = [[Henry Fairfield Osborn|Osborn]], 1903
| subdivision_ranks = Subgroups
| subdivision =
{{extinct}}[[Araeoscelidia]]<br>
[[Neodiapsida]]
}}
 
'''Diapsids''' ("two arches") are a group of [[amniote]] [[tetrapod]]s that developed two holes ([[temporal fenestra]]) in each side of their [[skull]]s about 300 [[million years ago]] during the late [[Carboniferous]] period.<ref>{{cite web|title=Those diverse diapsids|url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/verts/diapsida.php}}</ref> The diapsids are extremely diverse, and include all [[crocodile]]s, [[lizard]]s, [[snake]]s, [[turtle]]s, [[tuatara]], [[bird]]s and non-avian [[dinosaur]]s. Although some diapsids have lost either one hole (lizards), or both holes (snakes), or have a heavily restructured skull (modern birds), they are still [[scientific classification|classified]] as diapsids based on their ancestry. At least 7,925 [[species]] of diapsid reptiles<ref>http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0118199</ref> exist in environments around the world today (nearly 18,000 when birds are included).
{{ଛୋଟ|Diapsid}}
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' ({{lang-en|Diapsid}}) [[ଡାଇନୋସର]] ବଂଶର ଜୀବ ଅଟେ ।<ref>Olshevsky, G. (1995 onwards). [http://www.polychora.com/dinolist.html Dinosaur Genera List]. Retrieved February 24, 2014.</ref> ଏହି ଜୀବଟି ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ବିଲୁପ୍ତ ।
 
==Characteristics==
==ଇତିହାସ==
[[File:Skull diapsida 1.svg|thumb|left|Diagram of the diapsid skull]]
The name Diapsida means "two arches", and diapsids are traditionally classified based on their two ancestral skull openings (temporal fenestrae) posteriorly above and below the eye. This arrangement allows for the attachment of larger, stronger jaw muscles, and enables the jaw to open more widely. A more obscure ancestral characteristic is a relatively long lower arm bone (the [[radius (bone)|radius]]) compared to the upper arm bone ([[humerus]]).
 
==Classification==
==ଶ୍ରେଣୀ ବିଭାଗ==
Diapsids were originally classified as one of four subclasses of the class [[Reptile|Reptilia]], all of which were based on the number and arrangement of openings in the skull. The other three subclasses were [[Synapsida]] (one opening low on the skull, for the "mammal-like reptiles"), [[Anapsida]] (no skull opening, including turtles and their relatives), and [[Euryapsida]] (one opening high on the skull, including many prehistoric marine reptiles). With the advent of [[phylogenetic nomenclature]], this system of classification was heavily modified. Today, the synapsids are often not considered true reptiles, while Euryapsida were found to be an unnatural assemblage of diapsids that had lost one of their skull openings. Genetic studies have shown that this is also the case in turtles, which are actually heavily modified diapsids. In phylogenetic systems, birds (descendants of traditional diapsid reptiles) are also considered to be members of this group.
==ଆହୁରି ଦେଖନ୍ତୁ==
 
Some modern studies of reptile relationships have preferred to use the name "diapsid" to refer to the crown group of all modern diapsid reptiles but not their extinct relatives. However, many researchers have also favored a more traditional definition that includes the prehistoric [[araeoscelidia]]ns. In 1991, Laurin defined Diapsida as a clade, "the most recent common ancestor of araeoscelidians, lepidosaurs, and archosaurs, and all its descendants."<ref name=bentonetal2015>Benton, M. J., Donoghue, P. C., Asher, R. J., Friedman, M., Near, T. J., & Vinther, J. (2015). "Constraints on the timescale of animal evolutionary history." ''Palaeontologia Electronica'', 18.1.1FC; 1-106; palaeo-electronica.org/content/fc-1</ref>
==ଆଧାର==
{{ଆଧାର}}
=== ବହି ଆଧାର ===
* Walters, M. & J. Paker (1995). ''Dictionary of Prehistoric Life''. Claremont Books. ISBN 1-85471-648-4.
* Weishampel, D.B., P. Dodson & H. Osmólska (eds.) (2004). ''The Dinosauria, Second Edition''. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
 
===Relationships===
==ଆହୁରି ପଢନ୍ତୁ==
Below is a [[cladogram]] showing the relations of the major groups of diapsids.
==ବାହାର ଲିଙ୍କ==
 
[[Cladogram]] after Bickelmann ''et al.'', 2009<ref name=Bickelmann09>{{cite journal |year=2009 |title=The enigmatic diapsid ''Acerosodontosaurus piveteaui'' (Reptilia: Neodiapsida) from the Upper Permian of Madagascar and the paraphyly of ''younginiform'' reptiles |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=49 |issue= 9|pages=651–661 |doi=10.1139/E09-038 |author=Constanze Bickelmann, Johannes Müller and Robert R. Reisz }}</ref> and Reisz ''et al.'', 2011:<ref name=Orovenator>{{cite journal |year=2011 |title=A new Early Permian reptile and its significance in early diapsid evolution |url=http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2011/04/27/rspb.2011.0439.abstract |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |volume=278 |issue= 1725|pages= 3731–7|doi=10.1098/rspb.2011.0439 |author=Robert R. Reisz, Sean P. Modesto and Diane M. Scott |pmid=21525061 |pmc=3203498 }}</ref>
[[ଶ୍ରେଣୀ:ଡାଇନୋସର]]
[[ଶ୍ରେଣୀ:ଇଣ୍ଟରଉଇକି ଲିଙ୍କ ନଥିବା ଡାଇନୋସର ଲେଖା]]
[[ଶ୍ରେଣୀ:ବଟ୍ ଦ୍ଵାରା ତିଆରି ଡାଇନୋସର ଲେଖା]] <!--ଏହି ଶ୍ରେଣୀକୁ ବଦଳେଇବା ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଆଲୋଚନା କରନ୍ତୁ-->
[[ଶ୍ରେଣୀ:ପରଖିନେବେ]]
 
{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:85%
|label1='''Diapsida'''
|1={{clade
|1=[[Araeoscelidia]]
|label2=[[Neodiapsida]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Orovenator]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Lanthanolania]]''
|2={{clade
|1=[[Tangasauridae]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Younginidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Claudiosaurus]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Palaeagama]]''
|2=''[[Saurosternon]]'' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Coelurosauravus]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Thalattosauria]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Hupehsuchia]]
|2=[[Ichthyopterygia]] }} }}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Lepidosauromorpha]]
|2=[[Archosauromorpha]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
 
==See also==
{{Dinosaur-stub}}
* [[Vertebrate paleontology]]
* [[Synapsid]]a
* [[Anapsid]]a
* [[Euryapsida]]
 
==References==
{{Reflist}}
 
==External links==
{{Wikispecies}}
* [http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Diapsida&contgroup=Amniota Diapsida]. Michel Laurin and Jacques A. Gauthier. ''Tree of Life Web Project''. June 22, 2000.
* [http://www.fmnh.helsinki.fi/users/haaramo/Metazoa/Deuterostoma/Chordata/Reptilia/Diapsida.htm Diapsida] Cladogram at [[Mikko's Phylogeny Archive]]
 
{{Chordata}}
{{Reptiles}}
{{Eureptilia}}
 
[[ଶ୍ରେଣୀ:ଡାଇନୋସରଡାଇଆପ୍‌ସିଡ଼]]